Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/559

SALVADOE. 501 of this, Salvador has usiuilly opposed the suc- cessive attempts to unite Central America. liiBLiOGHAPHY. De Ifelot, La rcpuhliquc de Salradur (Paris, ISOo) ; Squier, The l^lales of Central America (London. 1808) ; Gonzalez, Gcografia de Ceiitro Ameriea (San Salvador, 1878) : Carrillo. Ksludio liislorico de la Amdrieu Central ( ib., 188!)) ; Keyes, Nociones de liistoria del Salvador (ib., 1880) ; id., Apiiiilaiiiieiilos estadistica xobre la reptiblica del tSalrudor (ib., 1880) ; "Salvador." Bureau of Amerivan- Re- publics liuUetin oS (Washington, 1892). SALVAGE (OF. salrage, from salver, sauver, Pr. saucer, to save, from Lat. sal rare, to save, from salvus, safe). In maritime law, an allowance in money which is awarded by courts of admiralty to those who voluntarily save a ship or her cargo from loss by peril of the sea (when it may be called civil salvage), or recover them after capture (when it is termed mililarg sal- vage). The service rendered in salving nuist be voluntary and not one which the person render- ing it is under a legal duty to ])eiform. The services of salvors must be rendered within the admiralty jurisdiction in order to entitle those rendering them to receive salvage, as the right to salvage is not recognized by the common law. ^hen the salvors are in possession they have a certain qualified property right in the ship, which does not, however, extinguish that of the owners, but gives them the right to continue the salvage service to the exclusion of other would- be salvors. Where the first set of salvors are themselves assisted by a second set, the salvage is divided according to the respective merits of the parties; but the law favors the first salvors, and only great peril of the first set or final abandon- ment of the vessel or cargo by them will justify interference on the part of a second. The amount of the salvage to be paid is not fixed by any rule of law or statute, but rests within the discretion of the admiralty judge wlio awards the amounts due as salvage. The follow- ing considerations, however, are of great weiglit in determining wliat amount shall be paid as salvage : ( 1 ) The dangers from which the prop- erty is salved. ( 2 ) The danger to the salvors. (3) The value of the property salved. (4) The value of the property risked by the salvors. (5) The labor, time, and skill expended by the sal- vors. ( 6 ) The risk run by the salvors of not saving the property and consequently of not being remunerated for their labor. Higher salvage will be usually decreed in derelict cases than where an intention of return- ing to the vessel temporarily abandoned is clear. While there is no absolute law regarding the dis- tribution of salvage, the owiiers of the salvor vessel receive usually one-third, the master twice as much as the mate, the mate double a seaman's share, and those who navigate the saved ship into port, or otherwise take the greater risk, double the share of those who remain on the salvor vessel. A claim to salvage may be barred by a contract, not extortionate or unconscion- able, to pay a fixed sum for the aid to be given. Tn siich case the rights of the parties are determined by the contract and not by the maritime law of salvage, and the salvors may recover for services rendered whether they are successful or not. Another bar is the ex- istence of a custom of rendering assistance SALVATION ARMY. among vessels of the same class, as in the steamboat navigation of the Alissi.ssippi. Salvage adjustments are made and enforced in Enghind by the Court of Admiralty and in the Liiited States by the United States District Courts. Sal- vors have a lien on the property salved, which takes ])recedence over all others and may be enforced in admiralty by a proceeding in rem, or the salvors may at their option proceed against the owner of the property sahed by a proceeding in personam. See AdsiihaI.TY ; LlK.v ; .M.VIUTIME Law; DKiua.KT; 1'kize. SALVANDY, sal'vii.N'de', Xarci.sse Achii.i.e. Count de (1793-1850). A French statesman and historical writer, born in Condom (Gers). He took part in the campaigns of 181.'! and 1814, and sul)se(|uently in the .lournal dcs Debats attacked the reactionary iiolicyof the (iovernment. He was Minister of Public Instruction in I8:i7-:i!t and 184.5-48, Ambassador to Madrid from 1841 to 1843, and to Turin from 184:i to 184.">. In addi- tion to his political and other fugitive writings, he pul>lislied the novel lion .lonzo, on I'Espagne (1824), Histoire dc Fologne avant ct .-ious Ic roi Jean iiobiesky (1827-29), Seize mois, on La revo- lution et les rfvolut iottnaircs (1831), and other works, SALVATIEKKA, sal'vii-t.'-ar'rA, A Mexican town in the State of Guanajuato, on the River Lerma and on the Mexican National Railroad, 18 miles south of Celaya (Map: Mexico, ,1 7). Its most important manufactures are those of cot- ton goods. Its ])opulation, in 18',)5, was 11,008. The parish church, Nuestra Sefiora dc las Luces, is one of the l)est in the bishopric. The town was founded in 1613 during the viceroyalty of the Count of Salvatierra, and two centuries later, April 10, 1813, was the scene of a bloody con- test between the royal forces under Iturbide and the independeiils cnmmaniled by Ramon Rayon. SALVATION ARMY, The, A religious or- ganization aiming to evangelize the masses who are outside of the influence of the churches. It was founded in England by William Booth (q.v.), who began open-air meetings in East London in 1805, independent of ecclesiastical connections, but himself still keeping in touch with church people, and finally established the 'East London Mission' in an old wool house in Bethnal (ireen. The name of 'Christian Mission' was assumed in 1869. and that of 'Salvation Anny' in 1878. Military terms Avere substituted for the ecclesi- astical designations which were first adopted. Uniforms were devised for the laborers, which were intended to be distinctive but plain and in- conspicuous, and not to c^epart too noticeably from the usual costume. Hence they vary in different countries and are adapted to the na- tional dress. The doctrines of the Salvation Army are in harmony with those of the orthodox churches. Xo distinctions are recognized except those of individual ability and piety; and women serve in all duties on precisely the same plane as men. Conventionalities are thrown aside and all per- missible devices are ado])ted and [iractices fol- lowed that will attract jiojiular atti'ution. The system of government and the nomenclature are absolutely military, The local districts and sta- tions are provinces, districts, posts, etc, : the bodies of the working force are corps; the officers are the general, commandants, colonels, majors.