Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/580

SAND. 520 SANDAKAC. J/. Aiiloiiii- (1S47J. Hut llic iilijt'ft lesMiiis of the Revolution cooled her I'litliusiasm, and after Xniioloon's accession she livid quietly at Berry. Here she develoi)ed a third manner, idyllic nat- uralism, forerunners of which had been Jeanne (1844) and La mure au diuhle (1846). Her more noteworthy novels of this tvpe are Francois Ic Chiimpi (184!)), J.u petite Fadelte (1849), and Les maitres sonnenrs (18.53). The wider social studies of her fourth manner bcf;an in 18(iO, after some dramatic exi)eriments, with the psycholoftic study .Ivun dc In Itailic, and this style counts as its best novels Le ntan/nis dc Villemer (1801) and MUc. la Quint inie (18(i3). Through her work lliere quivers a passionate rebellion against convention, moral or social. She played a great part in the social emancipation of women, without having either an original or a definite social theory. Her nature was simple, affection- ate, patient, kind, w^ithout vanitj', without pedan- try, large and frank. Her collected works appeared as Romans et nouvellcs, 84 vols.; M{-moires. souvenirs, impres- sions, voi/uffes, 8 vols.; Theatre, 4 vols.; Theatre dc Xohant. 1 vol. A Life and Stiuly by Professor Caro. in the "(irands <!crivains frangais" series (Paris, 1888), is translated by Masson in "Great Writer Series" (London, 1888). There is an Eng- lisli monograph by Bertha Tliomas (London, 1889). Consult also: Taine, youveaux essais (Paris, 1865) ; Faguet, XlXeme sicele ; Brune- ti^re. Pocsie li/rique, vol. i. (ib., 1894) ; but es])('cially George Sand's own Histoire de ma vie, publislied first as a feuilleton in La Presse (ib., 1854), afterwards in book form (lb., 1870) ; and Correspondance (6 vols., ib., 1882- 84), especially the letters to Flaubert (q.v.). There are many translations of George Sand's chief novels. The most convenient uniform edi- tion is in 20 vols. (Philadelphia, 1901). SAND, zant, Karl Ludwig (1795-1820). A Gci'man student, known as the assassin of the dramatist August Friedrich von Kotzebue (q.v.). He was born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria; studied theology at Tiihingen and Erlangen, and in 1817 became affiliated with a Burschenschaft (q.v.) at .Jena. He considered it his mission to kill Kotzebue, wliom he regarded as a spy of the Russian Court, and one of the chief enemies of popular liberty. Entering the residence of Kotze- bue in Mannheim, March 23, 1819, he murdered him with a dagger. He failed in an attempt on bis own life, and was decapitated Jlay 20, 1820. The death of Kotzebue spurred on the champions of reaction to greater activity and led to the enactment of the Carlsbad Decrees (q.v.). Con- sult Hohnhorst, Vebersichf der (/efien Sand ge- fiihrten. Untersuchung (Stuttgart, 1820). SANDAL. See Shoes and Shoe Manufac- TVRE. SANDALPHON. One of three angels in the Rabbinical system of angelology who receive the prayers of Israelites and weave crowTis from them. Longfellow used the legend in his poem "Sandalpbon," SAN'DALWOOD (from OF., Fr. sandal, snntnl. from IML., Neo-Lat. santnlum, from Gk. tf'di^aXoi', sanialon, advSavov, sandanon, from Ar. sandal. Pers., Hind, sandal, cnndan, from Skt. candana, sandal-tree, from cand, hat. candere, to shine). The compact, fine-grained, costly wood of several species of the genus Sautalum, of the natural order Santalace;e, natives of the East Indies and tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean. It is used for making small ornamental articles and cabinets and is remarkable for its fragrance, due to an essential oil, which is so obno.xious to insects that they will not attack articles stored in sandalwood receptacles. White sandalwood, the most coiiinion kind, is derived from a small tree (Santalum album), a native of mountains in the south of India and the Indian Archipelago. It is much branched, and resembles myrtle in its foliage and privet in its flowers. The tree is sel- dom more than 30 feet in height and a foot in diameter. A kind sometimes called yellow sandal- wood is produced bj' Santalum Freycinetianum of the Indian Archipelago and Hawaiian Islands, from which it is e.Kported to China. Santalum Yasi, which yields the much-valued sandalwood of the Fiji Islands, is a tree which has Ijeen almost extirpated in Hawaii, Fiji Islands, and elsewhere in consequence of the demand for its wood in commerce. A less valuable sandalwood (E.xocarpus latifolius) is exported from some of the South Sea Islands. Successful attempts have been made to cultivate Santalum album in India and large ]ilantations have been made of it. Red sandalwood, or sanders, is the produce of Pterocarpus santalinus, of the natural order Leguminosa', a native of tropical Asia, particu- larly of the mountains of the south of India and of Cej'lon. The dark-red, black-veined heart- wood, which sinks in water, is xised as a dyestutl", and to ,eolor certain druggists' preparations. It is also the basis of some tooth-powders. The wood of Adenanthera pavonia, a relative of the acacias, is sometimes called red sandalwood, or redwood. SANDALWOOD ISLAND, or SrMUA. One of the Sunda Islands, in the Malay Arcliipelago. belonging to the Netherlands and situated 40 miles south of the wes.tern end of Flores (^MajJ: East India Islands, E 7) . Area, 4283 square miles. It consists of an elevated plateau 3000 feet above the sea with steep and rocky coasts, and contains forests of valuable timber, including sandalwood and ebony. Some timber is exported, together with cotton, spices, and edible birds' nests; horses of an e-xcellent breed are exported. The island forms a part of the Residenev of Timor, and has a population estimated in 1895 at 200,000, be- longing to the Mala.y race. SANDARAC (OF. sandarac. sand<trache, san- darnx. Fr. snndanKitir. from Lat. sandaraca, san- dnraeha, from Gk. aavSap6.Kri, sandarake, red sul- phuret of arsenic, from Skt. sindura. minium), or Sandarac Resin. A friable, dry, almost transparent yellowish-white resin, which is im- ported from the north of Africa. It is completely soluble in oil of turpentine, but not entirelv in alcohol. When heated, or sprinkled on burning coals, it emits an agreeable balsamic smell. It e.Kudes from the bark of the sandarac tree (Cal- litris (juadrivalvis. natural order Coniferfp), a native of the northwest of Africa, especiall.v Al- geria. The best qualities of sandarac are brought into commerce in the form of small transparent tears of a light-yellow color. The specific gravity of sandarac varies between 1.5 and 1.9. The resin has a faint aromatic odor and a bitter taste. The quantity of sandarac used is not great; it is em- ployed mostly for the same purposes as mastic (q.v.). The finely powdered resin is rubbed, as