Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/581

SANDARAC. 521 SAKD-EEL. pounce, on the erasures of writing-paper, after which they may be written upon again without the ink spreading. SAN'DAY, William (1843—). An English theologian, horn at Holme Pierrepoint, Notting- ham, and educated at Balliol and Corpus Christi colleges, (Oxford. He was fellow of Trinity in ISG6 and lecturer until 1809. From IS7(i to 1SS3 he acted as principal of Hatfield's Hall, Durham: was professor of exegesis and tutorial fellow of Exeter until 1895; and then was ap- pointed Lady ilargaret professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He published Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel (1872) ; The Gospels in the (Second Century (187(5) : a commentary on Komans and Galatians (1878): Inspiration, the Hampton Lectures (1893): a commentary on Romans (1895); and The Catholic Movement (1899). He was an editor of the Variorum liihle (1880- 89) and assisted Wordsworth on the second part of the Old Latin Biblical Texts (1886). SAND-BLAST. A device for engraving, cut- ting, and boring glass, stone, metal, or other hard substances, by the percussive force of a rapid stream of sharp sand driven against them by artificial means. The process was invented by Gen. Benjamin C. B. Tilghman, of Philadelphia. The means of propulsion may be either an air or a steam blast, the former being produced by a fan revolving with great velocity or by air com- pressors, the latter by a boiler at high pressure. In either case the abrading material, which is usiially common hard sand, although small gran- ules of iron or crushed quartz are occasionally used, is directed by a tube upon the object to be cut or engraved. The engraving of the surface of glass with ornamental figures is accomplished by laying upon it patterns of the desii'ed objects cut out of some resistant medium in the manner of stencils. Another method very commonly Tised is to cut the proposed pattern in sheet cop- per or brass, which is then placed over the glass, a brush of melted beeswax being drawn over the whole. The stencil is then raised, and the pat- tern in exposed glass may then be operated upon by the blast. The ornaTnentation of glass in colors may also be performed by a sand-blast. The sand-blast is also useful in the cutting of ornaments and inscriptions upon stone. Iron stencils are sometimes used for the purpose, but the most satisfactory material is found to be sheet rubber of about one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. This is cemented upon the stone and a movable jet pipe is caused to traverse the sur- face of the latter until the exposed portions have been sufliciently abraded. The wear upon the rubber itself is slight and the same stencil may be used over and over again. Another use to which the sand-blast has been successfully put is in turning blocks of stone into circular and other forms in the lathe. Upon wood the action of the sand-blast is not so satisfactory. The sand-blast is frequently used for cleaning the scale and rust from iron and steel structures to prepare them for painting. SANDBY, sfinlu. Paul (1725-1809). An English water-color painter, engraver, and cari- caturist, born in Xottingham. With his brother Thomas, he obtained employment in the military drawing department in the Tower of London. He settled at Windsor in 1751, where his brother was deputy ranger of the great park, and sub- sequently made many drawings of Windsor and Eton, and also etched plates from his own de- signs. He became drawing master at Woolwich Military School in 17(iS, and in the same year was one of the first 28 members of the Royal Academy, where he exhibited water-color land- scapes from 1709 until 1809. lie greatly iinproved water-color painting, and united high qualities as a drauglitsuian to consider- able artistic feeling. His 8euteh etchings were jiuljlished in 17()5, and his Welsh aquatints in 1775. There are works by him in the Koyal Library at Windsor, at South Kensington, and in other collections. — His brother Tito.MA.s (1721- 98), was also one of the original members of the Koyal Academy, and its lirst professor of archi- tecture. He bnilt the Freemason's Hall in Lin- coln's Inn Fields in 177(i. and as landscai)e gar- dener and engineer laid out Windsor Park and ^■irginia Watci'. Consult Sandby, Thomas and Paul Sandb;/ (1892). SAND-CRICKET. One of the long-horned grassho]ip(>rs of the family Locustida; and genus Stcno])el!natus; not a true cricket. See Gbass- nOPl'ER. SAND DAB. A reddish-brown turbot (Hip- po<ili,s.soi(l,s iilatcssoides) of the deep waters of the Xorth Atlantic, closely related to the halibut. It is useful for food, and is taken conunonly on the coasts of Great Britain and Scandinavia, and from Jlainc to Greenland. Two other species live in the North Pacific. SAND-DOLLAR. One of the .smaller cchi- noids of the order Clypcastroidea, which have the test very much llattened and approximatel.v cir- cular. Those species which have the test ])er- forated by elongated holes, usually five or six in number, are often called "ke.v-hole urchins,* and some of the larger species, without ])erf orations, are called 'sea-worms.' The common sand-dollar of the Eastern United States is Eehinaraehnus pnrnia. and is locally abundant on sand.y bottoms in comparatively shallow water, from New Jersey northward. It is two or three inches across, and reddish-brown in color. SANDEAU, siiN'do', Leonard Sylvain Jules (1811-83). A French novelist and dramatist, born at .ubussou. He studied law in Paris, turned to journalism, wrote Hose et Blanche (1831) with George Sand (q.v. ). was niaile keeper of the Mazarin Library in 1853 and Academician in 1858. He died in Paris. His bet- ter novels are Mile, dc la t^eiffliere (1848, drama- tized, 1851) and La inaison de Penarvan (1858). He collaborated with Augier (q.v.) in turning his inferior novel Sacs et parchemins (1851) into the great comedy Le gendre de Monsieur Poirier, and wrote with him, also, La pirrrr de louche. His special domain is the omflict between a poor but proud aristocracy and the wealthy bourgeoisie, brought politically to the front in 1830. Consult Saintsbiiry, Essays on French Novelists (New York, 1 SO'l ) . SANDEC, siin'dek. A to-wn in Austria. See NEU-SANnEC. SAND-EEL, or Sand-Lance. One of a group of small fishes (Animodrtoidei) consisting of a single family, the Ammodytida". whose relation- ships are uncertain. .Ml of the sand-eels are small lanceolate creatures, with long, low, and