Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/582

SAND-EEL. 522 SANDEBSON. frnsile dorsal niiil anal liiis, ami no ventral (ins; tiie'tail is small and forked. The skin has many transverse folds running obliquely backward and downward, and is elotlied with small cyeloid scales. They are carnivorous fishes that swim in large schools near the shore in all northern regions, and biry themselves in the sand near the tide mark, they arc collected as bait, make an excellent pan-tish, and furnish abundance of food for salmon and other valuable tlshes. See Plate of Millets and Allies. SAN'DEMAN. Robert (1718-71). Leader and with .lohn Clas (q.v.) founder of the sect of (ilassitcs or Sandemanians. He was horn at Perth. t>eotland, studied for a short time at Edin- burgh University, and engaged in tlie linen trade. Coming under the inlluence of Glas, he adopted his views, became an elder in his church (1744), and married his daughter. He became a 6lassite preacher and in 1760 went to London, where he formed a congregation, whose members took the name of Sandemanians. Four years later he removed to America and established a church at Portsmouth, N. H. (1765), and other points in New England. He died at Danbury, t'onn. His works include three Lcllcrs on [J. Hervey's] Thcron and Aspasio (1757), which at- tracted much attention; Ati Ejnslolarti Corre- spondence heticeen S. Pike and R. Sandeman (1700) ; Some Thouyhts on Christianity (17G4) ; Discuitrses (with a biographical sketch, 1857). Consult Andrew Fuller, Strictures on Sandeman- ianism (Nottingham, 1810). SANDEMANIANS, or Glassites. A sect founded in Scotland by John Glas (q.v. ) about 1730 and extended in England and America by his disciple and son-in-law Robert Sandeman (q.v.). The sect was called Glassites in Scot- land, but Sandemanians became the more usual tlcsignation in England and America. The main doctrine of Glas was that all national estab- lishments of religion and all interference of the civil authority in religious aflfairs are inconsist- ent w-ith the true nature of the Church of Christ. Both Glas and Sandeman held that saving faith consists in 'a bare belief of the bare truth,' which belief they regarded as the fruit of divine grace and the work of the Holy Spirit. It was consid- ered necessary to separate from the communion and worship of all societies which appeared not to profess the 'simple truth,' and it was even held unlawful to join in prayer with any one not a brother or sister in Christ. The Lord's Supper Avas observed weekly, and 'love feasts' or dinners were held every Sunday at the members' houses. There was a communistic tendency in that every one was required to consider all that he had at the service of the jioor and the Church, and for- bidden to lay up treasures on earth for any fu- ture or imeertain use. The discipline was primi- tive and severe ; the kiss of charity was given at their meetings and foot-washing of fellow disciples practiced. The sect, never very large, steadily declined in numbers after the beginning of the nineteenth century. It has been strongest in America at Danbury, Conn. SANDERXING. A common grayish snipe (Calidris arcnnrin) remarkable for h.aving only three foes. It is common on the coasts of North America and along the shores of large inland bodies of water, in small flocks in spring and fall. It is sometimes called 'surf-snipe,' and in spring, when the plumage acquires a reddish tinge with black markings, it is locally known as 'ruddy plover.' SANDEKS, zim'ders, Baniel (1819-97). A German lexicographer, born in Altstrelitz, and educated at Berlin and Halle. From 1843 to 1852 lie was rector of a school in his native town, and then devoted himself to grammar and lexicog- raphy. From 1887 to his death he edited the Zeitschrijt fUr deutsche Sprache. He took a special interest in modern Greek. His ^Vortcr- hiich der deutschen Sprache (1859-65) is a standard work. He also publislied 'W.iirlcrhiiek der Huuplschmerigkeiten in der deutschen Sprache (1872), and, besides some volumes of poetry, many works bearing on German grammar, ortho'gi^aphy, etc. (1871-82). SANDEKS, Jan. The real name of the Dutch painter .Jan van Hemessen (q.v.). SANDERS, Nicholas (c.I.5'27-81). An Eng- lish Roman Catholic controversialist and his- torian, born in Charlwood, Surrey, and educated at Winchester College and at New College, Ox- ford, of which he became fellow in 1548, and professor of common law. He was professor of tlieology at Louvain until 1572, and then went to Spain, where he urged the Catholic conquest of England. In 1579 he was sent to Ireland as Papal nuncio to rouse rebellion against Eliza- beth. Sanders's De VisihiU Monarchia Ecclcsice (1571) is a Catholic Foxe's Martyrs, and his De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani (1585: Eng. version by Lewis, 1877), though it won for him the name of 'Dr. Slanders' in Eng- land at the time, is not lacking in historical value. SAN'DERSON, John (1783-1844). An American classical scholar and miscellaneous writer. He was born near Carlisle, Pa. Edu- cated privately, he taught, went to Europe ( 1835) . and on his return became professor of Latin ami Greek in the Philadelphia High School. He pulv lishcd with his brother, James H. Sanderson, the first two volumes out of seven of the TSiograpJiy of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (completed by other hands, reedited I8G5), and was also author of Sketches of Paris (1838). SANDERSON, Robert (1587-1663). An English bishop. He was born in ShefTield. edu- cated at Lincoln College, Oxford; ordained in 1611 ; was rector of Wyberton ( 1618 ) and of Booth- by Paynel from 1619 for over forty years; pre- bendary of Lincoln in 1629. Upon the recom- mendation of Laud he became in 1631 chaplain to Charles I., who in 1642 appointed him regius professor of divinity at Oxford; he was ousted liy Parliament in 1648. At the Restoration he was reinstated (1660) and the same yean con- secrated Bishop of Lincoln ; was moderator at the Savoy conference between the Episcopal and Presbyterian divines (1661). He published Logic'a; Artis Compendium. (1618); De Jnrn- mento (1655) ; De Obligatione Conscientiw Prcr- lectiones (1660). His works were repidilished (Oxford, 1854) . with a Life by Izaak Walton. As a moral theologian his influence in the Church of England was considerable. SANDERSON, Sibyl (1865-1903). An American operatic singer, born at Sacramento. Cal. She studied singing in France and made her debut at The Hague in 1888. In 1889 she ap-