Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/630

SANTO DOMINGO. 564 SANTOS. lution nnd rcostiihlislied oriliT, but perished by aswiM.-iiimtioM iu Oitober. IS!)!). Ho was suc- c(>p<U'd by .limciii'Z. who in turn was driven out by General N'asquez in 1002. " Uim.ioGRAi'iiY. Marlfs. Uistoirc descriptive de ifaiiit Ooniiiiiio (Tours, 18G9) ; Klein, San Domingo (Phihidelpliia, 1870); Gabb, "On the T()pl)^'l■aI)hy and (leolof.'j' of Santo D()iiiin>jo." in Txinsaclions of the American I'liilvnopliiral Socirty, vol. .v. (ib., IS"3) ; Hazard, Santo Do- niinyo, I'a.it and I'resent (London, 1873); L#al, La ripitblique dominicaine (Paris, 1888) ; Abad, l.a rcpublica dominicuna : resena general y sta- distiea (Santo Domingo. 1889); Merino. Flle- mentos de geografia fi.iica, politiea e histdriea de la republiea dotninicana (ib., 1889); .Jordan, CiKihirlilc ilir hisil Ihiili (Leipzig, 1849). SANTO DOMINGO. The eapital of the Re- public of Santo Doiningo. situated on the south coast, at the mouth of the Ozama (Map: West Indies, M .'>). The city is regularly built, but its streets are unpaved. It is still surrounded by picturesque walls, and contains interesting remains from former times, such as the ruins of large and well-built stone mansions, contrasting strangely with the present straw-thatched dwell- ings. There is a large Gothic cathedral, which was the resting place of the bones of Columbus until 170(). when what was believed to be the body of the discoverer was transferred to Ha- vana, though the Dominicans claim that it still rests in their cathedral. A large statue of Co- luiidnis stands in the principal square. Other buildings and institutions worthy of mention are a former .Jesuit college, a normal school, two hos- pitals, an arsenal, and barracks. The district is fertile. The city exports much sugar and coiTee. Its harbor, however, is an open and dangerous roadstead, and the river is accessible only to very small vessels. Population, 25,000. Santo Do- mingo is the oldest European settlement in America, having been founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 14!)(i. SAN'TONIN ( from santon-ic. from I^at. Sail- toniciis. relating to the Santoni, from Santoni. a people of Aquitania; especially the Santonicum absiiitliium. Santonic wormwood, also called San- toniea herba. Santonic herb, which abounded in Aquitania) . CijHigOj. A neutral vegetable prin- ciple obtained from santonica, the unexpanded Hower-heads of Artemisia paueifloru. a perennial plant of the order Compositse, growing in Persia and Asia Minor. Santonin is colorless, odorless, crystalline, practically insoluble in water. It is one of the most efficacious of the class of medi- cines known as anthelmintics or vermicides for roundworms. Two peculiar symptoms occur after the ailministration of santonin. The urine often acquires a reddish tint, which may give rise to an unfounded suspicion of the presence of blood in that (luid ; and under its influence vision be- comes remarkably affected for a few hours, every object appearing either yellow or green, red, blue, or violet. This change may come on sud- denly. It passes off, leaving no ill effects. SANTOBIN, siin'tS-ren' (Anc. Thera ; Mod. Ok. Thira). An island in the J5gean Sea be- longing to the Greek nomarchv of the Cyclades (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 6"). It is situated 30 miles south of Naxos, and 120 miles east of the southeastern extremity of the Morea, and has an area of 27 square miles. It is crescent- shaped, forming with two smaller islands the edge of an ancient crater now c)ccu|)ied by a cir- cular sheet of water into which the coasts f;ill precipitously to a great depth. The island con- sists chiefly of volcanic material and rises in the volcano of Hagios llias to a lieight of 1910 feet. Within historical times several new volcanic islets have risen from the surrounding water, the last in 1866. The island is treeless and poorly watered, but the volcanic soil is fertile. Wine and puzzuolana are exported. Population, in 1889, 11,924. The chief town is Thira. with a population of 1050. The island, under the name of Thera. was an important commercial State in ancient times and the mother country of the powerful colon}' of Cyrene in Africa. Re- mains of prehistoric dwellings have been found in Therasia and Southern Santorin. buried in part under an early eruption, of which the date cannot be determined with certaint_y. Mycena>an re- mains have also been found. The early inscrip- tions preserve a very primitive form of the Greek alphabet, containing only twenty of the twenty- two letters of the Semitic alphabet, and lacking the supplementary signs, though these were added under Ionian influence. (See Alpii.^bet. ) Not onl}' are the remains on the island important for the prehistoric civilization of the .i^gean, but the excavation of the ancient city of Thera on the southeast coast, which was begun in 1898, has thrown much interesting light on the local his- tory and life of a Greek island, especially during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Consult : Hiller von Gaertringen and others. Thera, Unter- suchungen, Vermessungen und Ausqrabutiqen in den Jahren ISnS-lSdS (vol. i., Berlin, 1899; vol. iv.. Berlin. 1902). The inscriptions are pub- lished in Inscriptiones Greeca- Insularum Maris /Egai. fasc. iii. (Berlin. 1898). SANTOBINI, san'tO-re'n?. Giovanni Do- MENico (1081-1737). An Italian anatomist, born in Florence and educated there by the Jesuits. He studied medicine in Pisa, under Mal- pighi, and then practiced in Florence, where he was professor of anatomy. His medical writings, especially those on anatomy and obstetrics, were long in high repute. Among his anatomical dis- coveries are the emissary veins leading out of the sinuses of the skull, the tubercles or cartila- ginous knobs of the larynx, the risory muscles, and the gaps or fissures in the external ear. SANTOS, siin'tSs. A seaport of Brazil, in the State of Silo Paulo, situated on the Atlantic coast 200 miles southwest of Rio de .Janeiro, and 25 miles south of Siio Paulo, the capital of the State, with which it is connected by a railroad (Map: Brazil. H 8). It is a handsome city, with well paved and shaded streets, and fine public gardens. There is also a good water supply, but the location is nevertheless one of the most un- healt.hful in South America, being subject to an- nual epidemics of yellow fever. Recent drainage works have, however, somewhat improved its sanitary condition. The harbor ranks next to that of Rio in importance and in the amount of its trade and shipping. It is provided with wharves accessible for large ships, and in 1900 099 ves- sels, with a total of 869,718 tons, entered, and about as many cleared. A large number of immi- grants pass through this port. Santos is now the principal outlet for the great coffee-producing State of Sao Paulo, having in recent years supplanted Rio de .Janeiro as the greatest coffee- exporting port in the world. The export in 1900