Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/678

SAXONY. 610 SAY. Intivc- ^^■.l.,.. of llie kinj;,l..».. an.l granted a lib- about 1840 by A.lo pbe Sax It consists of a •rnl constitution, bein? ...iiod tbereto by a popu- con.cal brass tube, bavmg about twenty la eral lar outbreak in the autunu. of 1831. His nephew, orifices covered by keys, and it is played by Frederick .iiin.stus II. (I83G-54), who had been means of a mouthpiece and a simple reed, ike Ke-ent for several years, succeeded, but, though the clarinet. The compass of the vanous instru- fivorable to constitutionalism, the new mcnts of this lanuly extends over five octaves he was system did not work well. In 184!) there was an insurrection in Dresden, whieli was suppressed by Prussian arms. Toward the close of the king's reign he was a mere tool in the bands of the '^reactionary party, headed by his brother John, wlio succeeded him in 18,54. John's policy was guided by Count Bcust (q.v.), Prus- sia's" inveterate enemy, and Saxony was kept in line against Bismarck's policy. She joined from ,. to a'. The music for all, even the lower saxophones, is written in the treble clef. SAX'TON, Joseph (1700-1873). An Ameri- can inventor, born at Huntingdon. Pa. He re- ceived a common scliool education, and at an early age made improvements in nail-making machinery. He went to Pliiladelphia in 1817, and while there invented a machine for cutting the teeth of chronometer wheels, and an escape- Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (q.v.), shared nieiit and compensating pendulum for clocks, and in the defeat of Sadowa, and was compelled to join the North German Confederation (1800). In 1871 Saxony became a member of the new Cernian Empire. John was succeeded October 20, 1873. by his son Albert. Hini.iocRAPiiY. LangsdorfT, Die Laitdirirtschnft im Kuiiiyrvich Saclisrn his 1SS5 (Dresden, 1889) ; ('reduer. Die <ieolo;iinchc Landcsiiiitrr- suchiing dcs Konigrciehs Sachseii (Leipzig, 1883- 87): Gebauer, Die ]'olksirir1.ichiift iiu Kijiiiij- rcich Sachsen (Dresden, 1880-01): Fricker, Oriimlriss des Staalxrcchts drs Kiinigreichs Hnchxoi (Leipzig, 1801) ; Bottiger. Geschichle des Ktirstnates und Kiinigreichs Snchscn (2d ed., Gotha, 1807-73) ; Gretschel, Gcsehiehte des siich- siseluii Volks und Striates (2d ed., Leipzig, 1802- 03 1 . SAXONY. A province of Prussia, bounded by Hanover and Brunswick on the north. Branden- burg and Silesia on the east, the Kingdom of Sa.xon.y and the Thuringian States on the south, and Hesse-Xassau. Hanover, and Brunswick on the west (Map: Prussia. D 2). It it broken up by numerous enclaves lielonging to other prov- inces. It covers an area of 0750 square miles. The surface is level in the north, while the western and southern parts belong to the region of the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian For- est. It is watered chiefly by the Elbe with its tributary the Saale and .several tributaries of the Weser, most of them navigable. Saxony is one of the most fertile, and agriculturally the best developed, parts of the German Em- pire. Its chief crops are rye, wheat, oats, barley, and sugar beets. Tobacco and the vine are also cultivated to some extent. Garden- ing is carried on extensively and the yield of fruit is very considerable. The raising of do- mestic animals, and especially sheep, is also very important. There are rich deposits of lignite and rock salt, and iron, copper, silver, and nickel are found. There are manufactures of metal- ware, arms, machines, tools, etc. Chemical works, woolen and linen mills, tanneries, paper and sugar mills, shoe factories, and distilleries are prominent. The centres of commercial activity are Magdeburg and Halle. Administratively the province is divided into the three districts of Magdeburg, Merseburg, and Erfurt. The capital is Magdeburg. In the Prussian Landtag the province is represented by 38 delegates in the Lower and 30 members in the Upper Chamber, while to the German Reichstag it returns 20 members. Population, in 1000, 2,833,224, chiefly Protestants. The province was formed in 1815. SAXOPHONE ( from Sax -f Gk. i),o,vi, phone, sound, voice i . A musical in-strument invented constructed a clock for the steeple of Independ- ence Hall. He went to London in 1828, and resid- ed there nine years, enjoying the acquaintance of Faraday. On his return to riiiladelphia he su- perintended the making of machinery for the United States Mint, and afterwards had charge of the construction of standard weights and meas- ures, accurate sets of which he furnished to National and State governments. Among his in- genious contrivances may be mentioned the mir- ror comparator for comparing standard meas- ures, and a new form of machine for dividing them ; the deep-sea thermometer, used by the LTnited States Coast Survey in exploring the Gulf Stream ; the self-registering tide gauge, and the immersed hydrometer. SAY, sa, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832). An eminent French economist, born at Lyons. His father intended him for business life and gave him some experience in England. In 1700 he took up the profession of journalism, and in 1704 became editor of the Dceade philosophique littc- raire et politique. In 1700 he was called to the tribunate by Napoleon, and was assigned to the Cominittee of Finance. In 1803 he published the first edition of his Traite d'eeonomie politique. Its views on finance displeased Napoleon, and as the author was unwilling to modify them his retirement to private life followed. In 1819 he became professor of industrial economy at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, and in 1830 professor of political economy at the Collfege de France. He died November 15, 1832. Say may properly be regarded as a popular- izer of the work of Adam Smith. While he can- not be classed with him and Ricardo as an- original thinker, he made some important con- tributions to economic theory, among them the familiar division of the science into Production, Distribution, and Consumption, the theory of the productivity of capital, and the distinction be- tween profits and interests. In his advocacy of free trade he went beyond Adam Smith. His work exercised a wide influence, not only in France, but in other countries as well. SAY, Le6n (1826-96). A French economist. He was a grandson of .Jean Baptiste Say, and earae into prominence through his connection with the Journal des Dehats. exercising a great influ- ence on the financial administration of the coun- try. In 1871 Say was made prefect of the De- partment of the Seine and the next year Minister of Finance. Six times thereafter he held the finan- cial portfolio. He presided over the international monetary conference at Paris in 1870, and was sent to London in 1880 as ambassador to nego-