Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/689

SCAPA. 621 SCARABiEIB^. SCAPA. The popular ilesignatioii of the Socioty for CliciUiiig tlic Abuses of I'uhlic Ad- vertising, in l-oiuldu. foumled for the jiurpose of restrainiiif;. tln()U{;li lcj;islatiou and soeial in- fluence, the <lislif;urenienl of towns and rural distriets liy {jlarinyly hi(U'c>us business announce- ments. It has been fairly successful in London, where it has been instrumental in abolishing certain abuses, mostly the obnoxiou.s "sky-signs." It publishes a journal, A Beautiful TVorW. SCAPHOID BONE (from Gk. tr/co^oeiS^i, xl:iililiiH iih's, boat-sliaped, bowl-shaped, from ffKcicpTj. sh'dphr, (rKd0oy, .v/.7f/*/io.s, boat, bowl + eioos. cidiis. shape). A term applied to a .some- what boatsha])ed bone in the carpus or wrist (see Hand), and in the tarsus of the foot (q.v.). SCAPHOP'ODA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi. from Gk. cTKitprj, sLiiplir, (TKd(pot, sK(ij>tios. boat, bowl -|- TToes, poii^, iovi } . A class of mollusks repre- sented by the tooth-shells (Dentalium). The scaphojiods are intermediate between the gastro- pods and pelecypods. The shell is while, very long and slender, slightly curved, and open at both ends. The seaphopods arc found in shallow water near shore, chielly in the warmer parts of the world. Fossil scaphopod shells are known from Paleozoic rocks, but they were not common until the Cretaceous. SCAPIN, skd'paN'. The valet of LOandre in Moli&re's comedy Les foiirhcries de Hcapin; a master in deceit, who manages the love afl'airs of his master and friend by false ])retenses. and finally gains forgiveness by feigning a dying state. The name became current in France for a trickster, and the Abbe de Pradt called Napoleon 'Jupiter Scapin.' SCAPULA (Lat., shoulder), or Siiovlder- Bl.vdi:. a Hat triangular bone, which, when the arm hangs loosely down, extends posteriorly and laterally from the first to aliout the seventh rib. It jiresents for examination an outer convex and an inner, smooth, concave surface, three borders (a superior, an inferior or axillary, and a pos- teriori, three angles, and certain outstanding processes. Its outer, or posterior, surface is divided into two unequal parts, the supraspinous fossa, and the infraspinous fossa, by the s]iine. a crest of bone commencing at a smooth triangular sur- face on the posterior border, and running across toward the upper part of the neck of the scapula, after which it alters its direction, and projects forward so as to form a lofty arch, known as the acromion process, which overhangs the glenoid cavity, or receptacle for the head of the humerus or main bone of the arm. This acromion serves to jirotect the shoulder-joint, as well as to give great leverage to the deltoid muscle which raises the arm. It is this process which gives to the shoulder its natural roundness. From the upper part of the neck there proceeds a remarkable curved projection, called the coracoid process, from its supposed resemblance to the beak of a raven. It is about two inches long, and gives attachments to several muscles. The upper border of the seajiula presents a notch, whieli in the recent state is bridged over with a ligament, and gives passage to the suprascapular nerve. This bone articulates with the clavicle and humerus, and gives attachment to no less than sLxteen muscles, many of which, as the biceps. triceps, deltoid, and serratus magnus, arc very powerful and important. SCAPULAR (ML. scapultiriiim. scapularc, from scupaliiris pertaining to the shoulders, from I-at. scapula, shoulder). . iiortiim of the mo- nastic habit in certain religious Orders. It con- sists of a long strip of serge or stulV which passes over the head, one llap hanging down in front, the otiicv behind. With the growth of pious con- fraternities of people living in the world but af- filiated with the religious Orders, the practice grew up and is usual to-day among devout Roman Catholics of wearing a small scapular, which is simply two little ]iieces of cloth jnineil by strings. These scapulars are of dill'iMcnt col- ors according to the confraternities of which they are the badges. The oldest and most widespread of such associations is that of Our Lady of .Mount t'armel, founded by Saint Simon Stock, sixth general of the Carmelites (q.v.), in 12")1, as a consequence of a revelation which he believed himself to have received from the Hlessed Virgin Alary in a vision. The granting of the scapular is generally a ]irivilege of religious Orders, and the wearing of them is encouraged liy many in- dulgences, liy benediction they acquire the char- acter of saeramentals ((|.v.). SCAR'AB.ffi'ID.ffi (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. sc'inili(riis, beetle; <'onneclcd with (ik. Kdpa- Pos, K-(irabus, Skt. xarahlia, ialabhii, locust -|- Gk. eiSos, eidos, form), or CiiAFEKs. A family of beetles of the lamellicorn group, many of re- markable size and strange structure. About l.'i.- 000 species are already known, and about .'{00 new species are described each year. The leallets of the antennie are well adapted to each other and may be separated; the number of visible ventral segments of the abdomen is six. The family is divided into five sidifamilics: Coprin;t, ilelolonthina", Kutelina', Dynastina-, and Ce- toniinae. The Coprina' (about 5000 species) have already been treated under Di'xo-Heetle. The Melolonthin:e (4000 species) resemble the common May beetle, and their larviP. for the most part, live beneath the surface of the ground and feed upon the roots of various plants, fre- quently doing great danuige to pasture land. The rose-chafer (see Rose Insect.s) is a prominent representative of this group. Many of the ailult beetles feed upon leaves of trees and smaller plants, but some, usually found upon flowers, feed upon pollen, and are of some service in the cross-fertilization of plants. The Rutelina'( about 1500 species) are insects of brilliant metallic coliu's, and are more abundant in tropical than in temperate regions. Their larva^ resemble those of the iIeloli>nthina Well-known examples of this grou]) in the I'nited States are the goldsmith beetle (<'i)l<i!;)(i MhiV/ovi) . the spotted vine cliafer ( PrlidiKitii pinirlata) , and the wonderfully beau- tiful Plusiotis filoriosa, from Arizona, which is pale green in color, and has the margins of all parts of the body and broad stripes on the elytra of a pure polished gold color. It is one of the most beautiful beetles in the world, and is fig- ured on the Coloi-cd Plate of Beetles. The Dy- nastina which comprise many very conspicu- ous insei-ts. include only about 1000 species, among which are some of the largest insects in existence, especially in the genera Dynastes ami .Megasoma. The males of these genera and others bear large horns upon the head and prothorax,