Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/690

SCARAB^IDiE. 622 SCARLATTI. tlic use of wliiih ill Uie cconoiny of tlio species cannot be conj.etuml. Their liirvie are usually strongly ourveil. and feed upon deeayinjj veye- table n'latter. The C'etoniina> (about KilH) spe- cies) oeeur mostly in the tropical regions of the Old World. During llight the elytra of these beetles remain closed, the wings extending out from beneath the base of the wing-covers. Some of the species eat honey, others overripe or de- caying friits, and others lick the sap from wounded trees. To this grouji belong the sap- ehafcr. the gi'iliatb beetle, and the ,lune beetle (qq.v.) of the .'Southern United States. Both adults and larva' of some s;)ecies live in ants' nests. See Beetle; Chaiek; Kose-Ciiafer: see also Figs. 7 and n of Plate Beetles; also the figure of larva of a beetle in the same article, which is a good example of the scaraboeid type of larva. SCAR'AB.a;'US (Lat., beetle). A black or metallic colored dung-beetle, the Afcuchus .S'ncer or .S'c«rab<ri/s .J^yypliorum, common in Jlediter- ranean countries, and especially in Egypt. The Eg)]>tian name of the insect was Ichepcr, from a stem meaning 'to become, to come into being,' and a |iicturc of the beetle was the usual ideo- graphic sign for the verbal stem and its deriva- tives. The Egyptians believed that no female of the species existed, but that the male, con- travening the ordinary law of generation, himself produced the egg and thus perpetuated his ex- istence by his own act. The scaraba?us, therefore, became the t,vpe and emblem of all "self-begot- ten' deities, and in particular of the god Kheperi, whose name signifies 'he who is (in process of) becoming.' This deity typified the rising sun, re- newing its birth each morning, and he is usually represented as a man with a scarabanis u])on. or in place of, his head. The scarabieus was also the t,vpe of the human soul emerging from the mum- my, just as the beetle emerged from its egg, and flying >ii)ward to heaven, and thus the insect be- came a symbol of the resurrection and of imnior- talit,v. From a ver.v earl.v period scarabtei. carved out of metal or of stone, or molded in faience, were used as amulets. They were inscribed with religious te.xt.s, with the names of deities or fa- mous kings, or with symbolic magical devices, and were worn by the living or placed upon the mummies of the dead. Such carved scarab;pi are usually called scarabs, and large numbers of them have been found dating from nearly all pe- riods of Egyptian history. In the earlier speci- mens the wings are folded; in later times the beetle is i^ot infrequently represented with the wings extended. In the mummy, a large scarab, inscribed with a particular chapter of the Book of the Dead (q.v.), usually replaced the heart of the deceased, which was removed during the process of embalmment. By virtue of this amulet the deceased was enabled to pass the ordeal of the 'weighing of the heart' at the final judgment. (See Dead, .Judgmext of the.) Consult: Wiede- mann, Kelighn of the Ancient Egyptians (New York, 1897) ; Petrie, Hi.itorical Scarahs (Lon- don, ISnn) ; M.yer, ficarahs (ib., 1894); Ward, Sacred Beetle (New York, 1902). SCARAMOUCH (Fr. scaramouche, from It. searaiiiiweia, skirmish). A character in the old Italian comed.y, originally derived from Spain, representing a military poltroon and braggadocio. costume, entirely black, with a mask open on the forehead, cheeks, and chin, and regularly re- ceived an inglorious drubbing at the bands of Harlequin or Polichinelle. Tbe most celebrated actor of the character was the Neapolitan come- dian Tiberio Fiorilli (1008-913), who lived in France after l(i40 and was better known as Scuiiiiiioiuhc than by his own name. SCARBOROUGH, skarljro or skiir'bur-6. A seaport and health resort, popularly called the 't^ueen of English Watering Places,' in Yorkshire, England, in the North Riding, 37 miles northeast of York ( Map : England, F 2 ) . The town is built in successive terraces and crescents on ris- ing ground around a beautiful ba.y open to the south and southwest, and protected on the nortli- east by a promontory ending in a castle-crowned height, which looks out on the North Sea. Two bridges span the picturesque ravine of Ramsdale Valley and connect the western or ancient jiart of the town with its large and fashionable south- ern suburb. There is a fine promenade pier, and the tidal harbor, inclosed by three piers, has a lighthouse and floating dock. The chief buildings are the spa, an extensive aquarium, museum, and market hall. The municipality owns considerable real estate and the water and gas supplies, and lias built a marine drive and sea wall around the castle, two and one-fourth miles in length. There are manufactures of jet; a coasting trade; and lucrative fisheries. The castle was erected about the year 1130. Here Piers Gaveston (q.v.) was besieged b.y the barons in 1312. It was twice besieged by the Parliamentary forces. It serves as a liarrack, and is fortified by batteries. Popu- lation, in 1891, 33,800; in 1901, 38,200. Consult Haviland, Scarborough as a Health Resort ( Lon- don. 1884). SCARF SKIN. See Skin. SCARIA, skii're-a, Emil (1838-86). An Austrian dramatic bass singer, born at (iratz. He made a sviccessful debut in 1800, at Pesth, as Saint-Bris in Les Huguenots. In 1802 he went to London to finish his studies under Garcia. Afterwards he was engaged at Dessau. Leipzig, Dresden, and finall,y at the Court Opera in Vien- na. He was a most remarkable bass and was celebrated as an interpreter of Wagner, creating the rrde of Wotan at Bayreuth in 1876, and (iurnemanz {Parsifal) in 1882. SCARID.a; (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. scarus, from Gk. iTKapos, skaros. sort of sea-fish). A large famil.v of tropical bony fishes compris- ing the parrot-fishes (q.v.). The body is oblong with large scales, and often gorgeousl,y colored. SCARLATTI, skar-litt'te, Ales.8ANDBO (1649- 1725). An Italian composer, born at Trapani in Sicil.y. In 1680 Scarlatti visited Rome, and com- posed his first opera, L'onesta nelV amorc, first performed at the Court of Queen Christina of Sweden. His opera Pompeo was performed at Naples in 1684. In 1093 he composed the ora- torio / dolori di Maria sempre Vergine, and the opera Teodore. in which (so far as known) orchestral accompaniments were first introduced to the recitatives, and a separate design was given to the accompaniments of the arias. In the following eight years, during part of which time lie was maestro rli cappella at Naples, he produceil ^•arious operas, the most remarkable being Lao- Tie was dressed in a sort of Hispano-Neapolitan dicea e Berenice, composed in liOl. Between