Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/695

SCHADOW. 627 SCHAFFHAUSEN. the Walhalla, near Rejjensburg, including "Frederick the Great," "CharU'niaync," "Henry the Fowler," "Coi)ernicus," "Kant," "Wieland," and others, and that of "Goethe" (ISl(i), in the National Gallery. Dne credit should be given also to his numerous drawings, ranking with the best of his time, more Umn 1000 of which are preserved at the Berlin Acad- emy, lie published: ^yitt)llhc|■(|S Diiikiiiuhr der Bildneni, ISinilctiiist und Mnlcrci (182.5); Lelire i-oii dcH Kiiw'hcn nnd Muskchi, etc. (1830); Polyhlct, Oder con den Maszen des Mcnschcn nach dem Geschleeht und Alter (1834; oth cd. 188C) ; and its sequel Xationulphysiognomien, etc. ( 1835; 2d ed. 1807), each with 30 plates. From 1816 to his death, .January 28. 1850, he was director of the lierlin Academj-, liighly gifted and suc- cessful as a teacher. His son and pupil, Rudolph (1786-1822), born in Eonie, retnrned thither from Berlin in 1811, and under the influence of Thorwahlsen followed the lines of classicism. He was most successful with genre figures, such as the "Sandal-Binder" (1817), in the Gl}"ptothek at Munich, which also contains his portrait bnst of "Vittoria Cal- doni" (1820). Most of his works found their way into England. His principal composition, the heroic group of "Achilles Defending Penthe- silea" (modeled 1821), was executed in marble by Emil Wolff, for the royal palace in Berlin. Consult: Eggers, in Dohme, Kunst und Kiinstler (Leipzig. 1886) ; Donop, in AVijemeiiie drutschc Bioi/raphic. x.x. (ib., 1890); and Bode, Or- schielite der deutschcn Plasiilc (Berlin, 1887). SCHAFARIK, sho'fiir-zhek. A Slavic phil- ologist. See §AFAfiiK. SCHAFER, sh.^'fer, Edward Albert (1850 — ). An English phj'siologist, born in London and educated in University College. He became as- sistant professor of physiology in 1874, and was Jodrell professor from 1883 to 1891). when he was named professor of physiology in Edinburgh. Besides valuable papers on muscular structure, on the chemistry of blood proteids, on absorp- tion, and on the rhythm of voluntary contrac- tion, he wrote A Course of Practical Histology (1877), and Essentials of Histology (1885). and edited Quain's Elements of Anatomy (with G. D. Thane, 8th, 9th, and 10th editions), and an Ad- vanced Text-Book of Physiology by British Physi- ologists (1898). SCHAFER, Karl (1844—). A German archi- tect, born and educated at Cassel, where he taught in the Polj'technic (1868-70). In 1870 he became university architect in Marburg, whence he removed in 1878 to Berlin. There he was docent in the School of Technology and in 1884- 94 professor of mediipval architecture. In 1894 he was appointed to a chair of mediieval architecture in the Karlsruhe Institute of Tech- nology. Schiifer planned the very successful buildings of Marburg Universit^•. the Holzhausen Castle near Kirchhain, and the Equitable Build- ing in Berlin. He wrote Ornamentale Glas- vuilereien des Mittelalters und der Renaissance (1881-88, with Eossteuscher) , Hoharchitehtur Deutschhinds vom 1.). his IS. Jahrhundcrt (1884- 88). and Die mustergHltigcn Kirchenhauten des Mittelalters in Deutschhind (1892 sqq.). SCHAFF, shiif, Philip (1819-93). A dis- tinguished Church historian. He was born at Chur, Switzerland, January 1, 1819; studied at Stuttgart, Tubingen, Halle, and Berlin ; traveled in 1841 as private tutor in France, Switzerland, and Italy, and returned to Berlin and lectured on theology" 1842-44. On invitation from the tier- man Keformed Church he came to America in 1844 and became professor of theology in the German Reformed Theological Seminary at Mer- cersburg. Pa. In 18G4 he removed to New York City and was secretary of the New York Sab- bath Committee till 18(i".l. He lectured at Au- dover on Church history ISCrilu. In 1S70 he be- came connected with I'nion The(dogical Semi- nary first as professor of theological eydop.Tclia and Christian symbolism (1870-74), next of sa- cred literature (1874-87), and finally of Church history (1887-93). He died in Xew York City. His most important works are his History of the Christian Church (1858-90), his translation, adaptation, and editing of Lange's Comnniilary on the Holy ficriiiturcs (1804-80), The Sehaff- Herzog Encycloiiadia of I'cliyious ] nunledge (3d ed. 1891), and his collecting and introducing of The Creeds of Christendom (1877-84). His deepest desire was for the union of Christendom, and his last speech was in its behalf at the Chi- cago Parliament of Religions (1893). He was one of the founders of the American branch of the Evangelical Alliance and was long its hon- orary secretary. Consult his Life by his son, D. S. Sehaff (New Y'ork, 1897), which contains a full list of his publications. SCHAFFER, sheffPr, Julius (1823-1902). A German musician, born at Krevese. in the Alt- mark. He studied theology, and later phi- losophy, at Halle and in Leipzig, but upon be- coming intimate with Robert Franz, and through him coming in ccmtact with Schumann. Men- delssohn, Gade, and others, he gave himself up entirely to music. In 1850 he studied under Dehn at Berlin, and five years afterwards be- came musical director to the Graiul Duke at Schwerin, where he founde<l and conducleil the "Schlosskirchenchor." In 18(10 he became mu- sical director at the university and conducted at the Singakademie, Breslan, having succeeded Reinecke. Among his works are three books in defense of Franz's "additional accompaniments" to scores by Bach and Handel, namely: Zirci Beurtheiler ro-n Dr. R. Fran::; Fr. Chrysandcr in seinen Clavicrausziigai zur deutsfhen Hiindel- Ausgabe; and R. Franx in seinen Bearbeitungen iiltercr Yocalwerke; excellent choral books; songs and part-songs. SCHAFFHAUSEN, slu'if-hou'zrn. The north- ernmost canton of Switzerland, boiuided by the Grand Duchy of Baden, except on the southwest, where the Rhine separates it from the cantons of Zurich and Tliurgau (Ma|): Switzerland, C 1). Area, 114 scpiare miles. The canton forms a part of the Rhine valley. In the north- ern part are mountainous spurs from Baden. Numerous streams flow toward the Rhine and render even the higher portions of tlw region cultivable. The products include cereals, vege- tables, and wine, and domestic animals of Swa- bian and Swiss breeds are raised. The manu- facturing inihistries are centred at SchalVhausen (q.v.). the capital. Schairhausen is one of the most democratic cantons of Switzerland. Its con- stitution, dating from 1876. and modified in 1895. provides for a legislative assembly (Gros- ser Rat) elected for four years, at the rale of one