Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/696

SCHAFFHAUSEN. 628 SCHANDORPH. iiuiiiiii 1 lor vwty jOO inlial)itiiiits, and an plected fX(i-iitive oouneil of i inenibers. Tim initiative iiiul iibli^jatoiy lefereniliini are in force. Seliall- liaii>eii semis two representatives to the Federal Coiiiail. I'opulatioM, in liJOO, 41,514, principally Cieriiian speakinj: I'rotestants. SCHAFFHAUSEN. The capital of the can- ton of the same name in Switzerland, situated on the lihine at an altitude of 1295 feet, about 25 miles north of Zurich (Jlap: Svitzerlan<l, C 1). The town is quaint and contains many gahled houses dating from the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. There are an interest- ing I'arlyKomancsque basilica dating from the eleventh century, the seventeenth-century town hall, the nuiscuni with the town library, and the Imthurneuni, containing a theatre, a picture gal- lery, a concert hall, etc. Above the town rises the massive sixteenth-century tower of Munot, with its fine terrace, and at the western end of the town lies the Fiisenstau Promenade. Schaff- liausen is connected by two bridges with the vil- lage of Feuertlialeii on the opposite bank of the Uliine. The manufactures are of wide range, in- eluding various iron and steel products, scientific instruments, machinery, watches, j'arns, textiles, pottery, etc. Population, in 1900, 15,400, most- ly Protestants. Schali'hausen is mentioned as a city in the twelfth century and soon after became « free city of the Empire. It joined the Swiss Confederation in 1501. Two miles below Schall- hanseii are the famous Falls of the Rhine, one of the grand scenic features of Central Europe. In three leaps over the rough ledge the river here descends nearly 100 feet. SCHAFF.I,E, shef'lp, Albert ( 1831-19U.3) . A German economist and sociologist. He stud- ied theology at Tiibingen, and from 1850 to 18(i() he edited the Schicabischer Merkur at Stuttgart. Professor of political economy at the University of Tiibingen (1860-68), he subsequently became a professor at the Univer- sity of Vienna. From February until October of 1871 he was Austrian Minister of Commerce. Upon the overthrow of the Jlinistry he went to Stuttgart, where he devoted himself to literary work. Anumg his best known publications are Die Quinlesscnz dcs So-^ialismus (1874) and Die Aussichtslosif/keit clcr Hozialdemokratie (1885). His Bitu nnd Lehen dcs sozialen Kijr- pers (1875-78, new ed. 1896) undertakes to con- struct a thoroughgoing sociological system. His other important works are Die Na'lionaJokoiio- mic (1801), a third edition of which appeared in 187.'? under the title Dns rjeseUschaftliche Si/stem der nienschliclien M'irtschaft (1873), and Kaititalismus und Hozialismus (1870). SCHAPHAXJTL, shaflioi-t'l, Ivael Emil von (ISOIMlOi. A German geologist and physicist, whose early writings on acoustics and on the ])reparation of steel and iron were under a pseudonym, the Latinized equivalent of his name. Pellisov. He was born in Ingolstadt, studied mathematics and mineralogy at Land- shut and English methods of puddling and forging iron at Sheffield and in 184.3 be- came professor of geology, mineralogy', and min- ing in Munich, where, six years "afterwards. be was appointed librarian of the nniversitv. His most important work was the introduction into Bavaria of what he had learned at Shef- field. Schafhautl devised many mathematical anil physical in^tnimenl-.. of hich his areometer, photometer, and pliononieter are most valuable, iicsides his writings on geology and physics, which apjieared in English and German lechiiical reviews, he published on the history of music, to which he especially devoted himself in his later _ears, Ein tipazicryuiiy durch die iitunjinvke Musikijcschichte der katholischen Kirche (1887), and Abt (Ivory Josef 'uykr (1888). SCHALCKEN, shalk'cn, Goufried (1043- 1700). Dutch genre painter, born in ilade. He received his art training under Hoogstraten and in the studio of Gerard Don. In 1099 lie was in England and painted a portrait of William III., now in The Hague iluseum (another copy in Amsterdam) . But. excepting tliis and a few oilier portraits and some historical, mythological, and landscape studies, Sclialcken produced small can- Aases with artificial light effects. Amoiii; these, mention may be made of "Old Woman Scouring a Pan, and "Soldier Giving Jloney to a Woman," in the London National Gallery; "Ceres Seeking Proserpine" and "Old Man Writing," at the Louvre; "Girl Blowing Out Taper," at Munich: "Girl Reading Letter," in the Dresden Gallery; and "Toilet by Candle," at The Hague, all with wonderfully mellow treatment and warm color- ing. His sister, M.ri., and his nephew, J.kob (1084-1722), painted so much in Godfriecl's man- ner tlint their Avork is often confused with his. SCHALKE, shal'kp. An industrial commune of Prussia, 7 miles north of Essen, with impor- tant coal mines, iron and steel works, machine shops, coke ovens, tin-plate works, chemical fac- tories, glass and mirror works. Population, in 1900. 20,077. SCHALL, shal, Johann Adam von (1591- c.l0(i5). A celebrated .Jesuit missionary to China. He was born of noble family at Cologne in 1591, entered the Society' of Jesus in 1611, and went as a missionary to China in 1017. He succeeded not only in forming a flourishing mission, but I was ultimately invited (1631) to the Imperial i Court at Peking, where he was intrusted with the tt compilation of the calendar and the direction of (he public mathematical school, being himself created a mandarin. Through this favor with the Emperor Sehall obtained an edict which au- thorized the building of Roman Catholic churches and the libertj' of preaching throughout the Em- pire, and in 14 years the Jesuit missionaries in the several provinces are said to have received into the Church 100,000 proselytes. On the death of this Emperor (1661), however, a change of policy fatal to the prospects of Christianity took place. Sehall was thrown into jirison and sen- tenced to death, and although released on ilay IS. 1065. he had suffered so much that he died soon after. For a portrait of him in the costume of a mandarin, see illustration under Costume. Ecci.e.siastical. Consult Platzweg. hehenshilder deiit'Scher Jesuiten in ausuiiirtigen MisKidiK'ii (Paderliorn, 1882). SCHAMYL, shii'mil. A patriot chief of the Caui'asus. See Siiamyl. SCHANDORPH, shjiu'dorp (properlv SKAMDRUP). SOPHUS (1837-1901). A Danish poet and novelist, who excelled in portraying the life of the Danish middle and lower classes. Born nnd educated in Ringsted. he studied first theology and then the Romance languages. He possessed a keen sense of humor and remarkable