Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/698

SCHARWENKA. 630 SCHEELE. liis most populiir compositions have been his I'lilisli (lances. SCHASSBURG, slifs'l>m7rK (Hung. Scfjes- viir). A royal free eity, ami the eapital of the (omity of tlioss-Kokel ( Xag^'-Kukiillo) , Hun- i;aiy, on the Great Kokel. 80 7niles by. rail norilnvest of Kronstadt (.Map: Hungary, J 3). The town has a Protestant gii-mnasium, with a free library and museum, and a Catholic normal .school. It is noted as the scene of the defeat of the Hungarian army by the Russians, July ."il, 1840. the celebrated poet Petflti (q.v. ) being uiiiiiiig the Hungarian dead. Population, in I'.iiiO, 10,sr>7. SCHAUFELEIN, shoi'fe-lln, Hans Leon- H.VKi) (e.l480-lo40) . A (lernian painter, born in Nuremberg. He became the pupil and assistant of Diirer, whom he imitated. His treatment of dra]>ery is jjeculiarly good, but his own manner is often rather careless. His best works, apart from diawings for woodcuts, among which those illustrating the Theucrdunl;, his designs for a wedding dance, and cuts for the Bible are most important, are the following paintings: "The Dying 'irgin" (two subjects), "■Coronation of the 'irgin." "Clirist on the Sea of Galilee," "Crowned with Tliorns," On the Cross," and '■Jlount of Olives," in the JIunich Pinakothek; a '"Visitation," in the Dublin Gallery; and two por- traits liclciiiging to the Duke of Northumberland. SCHAUFFLEB, shouf'ler, Vilu.m Gott- lieb (1708-1883). A Protestant missionary in Turkey. He was born at Stuttgart, Germany, and went with his parents at the age of six to Odessa, Russia. Having decided to become a missionary, after a brief visit to Turkey he came to America and after four years of study at Andover was ordained in 1831 and sent by the American Board to Paris to study Arabic and Persian with De Saey, and Turkish with Prof. Kiefl'er. He went to Constantinople and preached in German, French, .Spanish, Turkish, and Eng- lish. By appointment of the British and Foi'eign and American Bible societies he devoted himself to the translation of the Bible into the Turkish language. He published an ancient Spanish ver- sion of the Old Testament, revised by himself, with the Hebrew original, in parallel columns, a grammar of the Hebrew language in Spanish, and a Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon of the Old Testa- ment in the same language; also Meditations on the Last Days of Christ, discourses de- livered in Constantinople (1837). He returned to America in 1877, and died in New York City. Consult his Autobiograph;/ (New York, 1887). His son, Rev. A. F. Schauffler, born in Constanti- nople, has been for many years a promoter of city missions in New York City. SCHAUMBtTBG-LIPPE, shoum'biJorK lip'- pc. A principality and constituent State of the German Empire, bounded by the Prussian prov- inces of Hanover and Westphalia and covering an area of 131 square miles (Map: Germany. 2). Its surface is somewhat mountainous in the north and well wooded. Agriculture and gardening are pursued actively in the southern part. and°eoal is mined in the east. The chief manufacture is linen. The principality is represented by one member in the Hundesrat and returns" one Deputy to the Reichstag. Population, in ISilO, ■.i'.t.in-.i; in 1!)U0, 43.132, almost exclusively Prot- estants. Capital, I.ippe. The ruling dynasty was founded in 1040 by a cadet of the Lippe family, who inherited the eountshi]) of Schauml>iii'g. The State was created a ])rincipality in 1807. In 1806 it joined the North German Confederation and in 1871 became a member of the German Empire. SCHECHTER, sheK'ter, SoLOMOX (1847—). A distinguished Jewish scholar. He was boni at Fokshani, Rumania, and studied at Vienna and later at Berlin. Under the patronage of the Jlontefiore family he went to England, where his literary studies began. In 1892 he became reader in Rabbinic at Cambridge University. In 1894 he visited America to lecture at Gratz College, Philadeljihia, upon "Some Aspects *Df Jewish Theology." His discovery in 1890 of a page of the Jewish original of Eeclesiasticus {Bcii-Sira) led to a visit to Cairo to examine the Geniza (or store-chamber for disused books) of the Jewish synagogue, and he was enabled to bring back the whole collection, consisting of 80.000 jiieces, which he presented to his university. Cambridge rewarded him with the degree of LL.D., and with the position of curator of Oriental literature. He also received the appointment to the Hebrew profes-sorship at University College, London. In 1901 the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York was reorganized and endowed on condition of Dr. Schechter's becoming its president ; he accepted the offer and came to New York in the spring of 1902. His best known work is his pub- lication with Dr. C. Tavlor of The Wisdom of Ben-Sira (1899), the fruits of the Geniza frag- ments. Other important works are Abot de Rabbi Xathaii (1887), Studies in Judaism (1890). Midrash-Hag-gadol (vol. i., 1902), Saad- yana (1903). SCHEEL, shal, Haxs von (1839-1901). A German economist and statistician, born in Pots- dam. He studied at Halle, Jena, and Berlin, in 1808 was appointed to the post of assistant to Hildebrand in the Statistical Bureau at Jena, taught at the Agricultural School at Proskau I 1809-71, became professor at Bern in 1871, 'i and Director of the German Statistical Bureau «* at Berlin in 1891. His works include Socialismus iind Kommunismiis.Politische Oehonomie als Wis- senschuft. Die Ern-crbseinkiinfte des Staats (in Schiinberg's Handbuch.ith ed.. 1890), Di> Thcorie dersozialen Frafic ( 1871 ) , Ei<ientum und Erbrccht (1877), Progressive Besteuerung (1875), and a version of Ingram's Present Position and Pros- pects of Political Economy (1879), and publica- tions on statistics. Consult Kollmann. Hilde- brands Jahrbuch (1902, vol. Ixxviii., pp. 577-97). SCHEELE, sha'le, Carl Wiliielm (1742-86). An eminent Swedish chemist, born at Stralsund. In 1707 he settled at Stockholm as an ajKithc- cary, and in 1770 removed to Upsala. It was during his residence at Upsala that he carried on those investigations in chemical analysis which proved so fruitful in important and brilliant dis- coveries. In 1777 he removed to Ki'iping. The chief of his discoveries were tartaric acid ( 1770), chlorine (1774), baryta (1774), oxygen (1774, independently of Priestley), and glycerin ( 1784). In experimenting on arsenic he discovered the arsenite of copper, which is known as a pigment under the name of Scheele's green or mineral green. In 1782 he succeeded in obtaining, for the first time, hydrocyanic acid in a separate form. The mode and results of his various investiga- tions were communicated from time to time, in