Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/714

SCHLESWIG-nOLSTEIN. 644 SCHLEY. slciii into a closir (iiiiuri willi Dunniaik and to pill flii I'liil to the puoiiliar form of ilopeniloiiee fxisting between tlie diu-liios anil the rest of the iiKiiiareiiy. The popuhir sentiment in Denmark ilemandeil that Selileswig at least be made an integral part of the Danisli realm. In 184G the Kiny aronsod great indignation in the duchies, where the Salie law of succession was held to ob- tain, br issuing a little patent in which he de- clared that in .Schleswig, as well as in a part of Ilulstein, the succession would be regulated in the same manner as in Denmark. The impor- tance of this declaration was increased by the fact that the early extinction of the Oldenburg line was anticipated. Christian VIll. died in January, 1848, and was succeeded by Frederick Vll., the last of his djnasty, who announced his intention of incorporating Schleswig with Den- mark. Thereupon the people of Schleswig-Hol- stein, aroused by the news of the February Revo- lution in France, rose in rebellion and appealed to their German brethren for aid. Germany was now in a state of revolution, and troops were despatched by Prussia and other States, which, with the Sclileswig-Holstein forces, drove the Danes beyond the frontiers of Schleswig. Frederick William IV. of Prussia, who had en- gageil reluctantly in the contest and who was induenced by the hostile attitude of Russia and Englanil toward the Schleswig-Holsteiners, con- cluded the armistice of Jlalmo in August, 1848. In 18411 Deinuark ventured to renew the strug- gle. Her forces were repeatedly defeated, but in 1850 Prussia definitely abandoned the cause of bchleswig-Holstein, and the patriots were al- lowed to succumb to the superior strength of the Danes. At the beginning of 1851 Prussia and Austria intervened in favor of Denmark and the Schleswig-llolsteiners were compelled to lay down their arms. The European Powers in the London conference of 18.52 upheld the claims of Denmark in regard to Schleswig and provided for the succession of Prince Christian of GliicUsburg to the Danish throne in case of the extinction of the royal line. On the death of Frederick VII. in 1863 without heirs. Prince Frederick of Augustenburg put forward the claims of his house to the succession in Schles- wig-IIolstein under the Salie law, disregarding a renunciation made by his father, Christian of Augustenburg, in 1852, and asked the German Diet to declare the London protocol of no force. He was at once hailed as their lawful sovereign by the people of the duchies. Christian of Gliicksburg, succeeding to the Danish throne as Christian IX., was compelled by Danish public sentiment to ratify the fundamental constitution for Denmark and Schleswig. The German Diet supported the claims of Augustenburg and de- clared a federal execution in favor of Holstein, sending federal troops there. At the close of 1803 a ducal government was established at Kiel under the Prince of Augustenburg. Schleswig-Holstein now became a pawn in the great game which Bismarck was playing for the unification of Germany. (See Blssiabck; Ger- many.) Bismarck easily induced Austria to cooperate with Prussia in" the affairs of the duch- ies. The German Diet was asked bv t]e two Powers to demand the withdrawal of the Danish Constitution, and when the Diet refused to inter- fere in the affairs of Schleswig. Austria and Prussia made the demand themselves as an ulti- matum, and upon the refusal of Denmark they at once began hostilities. Denmark hoped to resist long euougli to .secure intervention by other Powers, but neither France, England, nor Russia was inclined to interfere. In February, 1864, the allied forces advanced into Schleswig. The outnumbered Danes iere forced back from one line of defense to anotlicr, and Christian IX. was compelled to accept humiliating terras of peace, embodied in the Treaty of Vienna of October 30, 18(14. Sclilcswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg were ceded to Austria and Prussia. By the terms of the Convention of Gastein, August 14, 1805, the provisional government of Schleswig was assumed by Prussia and that of Holstein by Austria, Prussia purchasing Austria's right in Lauen- burg. The other German States and the Prus- sian people vainly objected to these high-handed proceedings of the governments of Berlin ami Vienna. The military occupancy of the two duchies b.y the rival Powers soon brought out their essential hostility. Austria flnallv placed the affairs of Holstein before the Diet of the German Confederation, whereupon Prussia charged her rival with a violation of the Gastein agreement and the Prussian troops entered Hol- stein, which the Austrians abandoned, throwing the whole question into the Diet (June, 1806). This was the immediate occasion of the Seven Weeks' War (q.v. ), which was followed b,y the formal incorporation of Schleswig-Holstein with Prussia. Con.sult: Osten, Schlesu-ig-Holstein in gco- graphischen und geschichtlichen Bildern (4th ed., Flensburg, 1893) ; Kriiger, Organisation der Staats- V7id Selhstverwaltung in der Provinz Schlesirig-Eohtein (Kiel. 1888) ; Hass, <7fo- logische Bodenbeschaffenheit Schlesicig-Eolsteins (ib., 1889) ; Sach. Das Ilerzogtum Schlesicig in seiner ethnographischen und nationalen Entidck- lung (Halle, 1890) ; Waitz, Schleswigs Ge- scMchte (Gottingen," 1851-54) ; id., Kurzc schlcsicig-holstein iscJie Landesgeschichte ( Kiel, 1864) ; Handelmann, Geschichtc von Schlesicig (ib., 1873) ; and on the later history of the duchies, Drovsen and Saniwer, Die Herzogtiimer Schleswig und das Konigrcich Dinemarh (Ham- burg, 1850) ; Gosch. Denmark and Germany Since 1S15 (London, 1862), one of the best ac- counts in English of the complicated question of the succession. SCHLETTSTADT, shiet'stat. A town of Alsace-Lorraine, Gerraan.y, on the III, 27 miles south-southwest of Strassburg (Map: Germany, B 4). The thirteenth-century Gothic cathedral is one of the finest in Alsace. The eleventh- centurv Onirch of Saint Fiiles is also interesting. The town has a normal school and a public libra- ry. The principal industries are the making of wire rope, tanning, and lumbering. Schlettstadt was a free Imperial city in the ^Middle Ages: It was captured bv the French in 1634 and strongly fortified. Population, in 1890, 9418; in 1900, 9300. SCHLEY, shla, Winfield Scott (1830—1. An American naval officer, born in Frederick County. Md. He graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1860, and as midshipman on the Tiiagara went on a cruise to China and .Tapan in 1860-61, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1862. After the outbreak of the Civil War he served on the Winona with the West