Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/715

SCHLEY. 64o SCHLIEMANN". Gulf lilockading squailron. SubseqiontIy he was attacUfil to Uie Aluiiuiigahchi and liiclniKnid, and took part in all the engagi'iuents piewding llie capture uf I'ort Hudson. Kroni 18U4 to IStiCi lie was executive iillicer of the W'uterec of the I'aeilie squadron, attaining the rank of lieutenanteoni- niander in tlie latter year. He was an instructor at the Naval Academy from ISGO to 1809. and in 1870 was assigned to the Jiciiiciu on the China station, where he remained tliree years, and dis- tingui>hed himself in the capture of the Korean forts on the Salee River in June, 1871. In 1874 he was ]u-omoted to the rank of commander and was again detailed as an instructor at the Xaval Academy. From 187li to 1S70 he commanded the Essex on the Brazil station. In 1884 he com- manded the third naval expedition sent by the United States Government to the relief of I'.ieut. A. W. Greely (q.v. ), and after passing through 1400 miles of ice found Greeh' and the six sur- vivors of his band at Cape Sabine, Grinnell Land. From 1885 to 1889 Schley was chief of the Bu- reau of Eecruiting and Equipment, and in 1888 attained the rank of captain. In 1880-01 he com- manded the cruiser Baltimore in the Southern Pacific. After several years' service as a light- house inspector, he was placed in command of the .Veil- York in 1895, and in 1897-98 was chair- man of the Lighthouse Board. He reached the rank of commodore in February, 1898, and after the formal declaration of war against Spain, al- though the lowest on the list of connnodores, was placed in command of the 'Flying Squadron.' On 5Iay 13th he sailed southward from Hampton Eoads in order to find and if possible destroy the Spanish fleet of Admiral Cervera. He touched at Cienfuegos, and after considerable hesitation and delay established the blockade of Santiago, in whose harbor it was finally ascer- tained on May 29th that the Spanish lleet lay. At the beginning of June Admiral Sampson ar- rived with his ships and assumed command. The blockade was maintained until the morning of the 3d of July, when the attempt of the Spanish squadron to escape from the harbor ended in its complete destruction by the American blockading squadron, which, during the temporary absence of Sampson, was under the command of Schley. The Brooklyn, with Commodore Schley on boaril. bore a conspicuous part in the contest, particular- ly in the pursuit and destruction of the Christd- iai Colon, but a pecviliar 'loop' movement which Schley ordered, and which blanketed the fire of some of the other battleships, and caused the Texas to deviate from her course in order to escape being run down, caused much adverse criticism. On August 10th he became a rear- admiral, and was appointed a member of the commission to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico by the Spanish. He retired from active service October 9, 1901, After the close of the war his conduct during the operations leading up to the battle oft" Santiago and in the battle itself became the subjects of criticism, both official and unofficial, to such an extent that Schley finally asked for a court of inquiry to investigate the charges brnutrht against him. A court consisting of Admiral Dewey f president), and Renr-Adniirals Benham and Ramsay, sat from September 21 to November 7. 1901. took the testimony of more than seventy-five witnesses, and on Pecember 13th made its report. The 'majority' report, signed by all three members, found that, while Schley's conduct in the battle showed personal courage, in the operations prior to June 1st it was marked by "vacillation, dil- atoriness, and lack of enterprise," that he was slow to obey express eonnnands of his coni- niander-in-ehief, that his dispatches were "in- accurate and misleading," and that his 'loop' movement in the battle of July 3d was unscn- nianlike and unnecessary. Admiral Uewey pre- si'ntcd a ■minority' report, uphohling Schley in some minor respects. The rcconimendation of the court that no action be taken was subsc(|uently approved by the President. Schley wrote in col- laboration with James Russell Soley (q.v.) The Rescue of Urvcly {188G). SCHLIEMANN, shlc-'nian, IIkinricii (1822- 90). A famous excavator and areha-ohjgist, born in Neu-Buekow, JlecklenburgSchwcrin. From the age of twelve to fourteen he studied in the ReaLschule in Neustrelitz and then became apprentice as grocer's clerk in Fiirstenhcrg. After five years his health broke down, and he walkecl to Hamburg, where he shipped for South America as cabin boy. The vessel was wrecked oft' the Dutch coast, but Schlicmann wa; saved and taken to Amsterdam. Here he held a humble position in a commercial house, but by his enormous industry acquired a kn<)wle<lge of all the important modern languages, llis ability and linguistic attainments were recog- nized b.v his subse(pient em]doyers, B. H. Schroe- der & Co., in 1846, when they sent him to Saint Petersburg as their agent. In the following year he embarked in business on his own account. l'"or the next sixteen years he was successful in busi- ness, traveled much, and by mere chance on July 4, 1850, being present in California at the time that State was received into the Union, became a citizen of the United States. He finally retired from business with a large fortune in 1803. He then settled in Paris, and gave himself up entirely to archseological studies. During the year 1808 he visited Corfu. Ithaca, the Pelopon- nesus, and .sia iMinor, and finally, in 1870, be- gan excavations in the Troad on the hill of His- sarlik, where he believed the remains of ancient Troy would be discovered. The excavations were continvied liy him for twelve years, and finally completed by Dr, Diirpfeld in 1892, Although many of Schliemann's extravagant claims as to the results obtained are untenable, the excava- tions which he began at Hissarlik were the first of a long series of undertakings which have given us new laiowledge of the early civilization of the Greeks. From 1876 to 1878 he carried on ex- cavations at ]Mycen.'e, and in 1878 at Mount Athos, and at Ithaca, In 1881-82 he excavated at Orchomenos. and continued the work there in 1880. In 1884-85 he laid hare the ruins of the great palace at TirTis. and in 1889 he returned to Troy. He died at Naples and is buried near the Ilissu.s- at Athens. His man.v publications include: Ithnka. der Peloponnes und Troja (1869) : Trojanische Alferliimer (1874) : Mij- kenn (1878; Knglish ed,. New York. 1878); Ilois (1881 : English ed.. New York. 1881) ; Or- chomenos (1881) : Troja (in an English ed., New York. 1883: German ed.. Leipzig. 1884). His autobiography was edited by his wife (Leipzig, 1891). The best general account of Schliemann's life and work is to be found in Schuchhardt's Schliemanns Ausgrahunqen in Troja. Tiri/ns. My. kenii. Orchomenos. Jthnka (2d ed,. Leipzig. 1891 ),