Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/749

SCHWEINFURTH. 679 SCHWENINGER. SCHWEINFURTH. sin iii'lTrnrt. Georc, (1S36 — ). A lu'riiinii ixploifi', biiin at Riga. He studied natural history, particularly botany, at the universities of Heidelberg, ilunich, and Berlin, and in 18C4 went to Egypt, where he spent two years. In 1809 he set out from Khartum to e.xplore the countries along the White Xile. In 1S72, on a oonnnissiiin from the Khedive, he founded the Institut Egyptien at Cairo, and in 1S74 he visited the princii)al oases in the Libyan desert. During the .fol- lowing years he several times visited the oases of Arabia, of whose flora he made a thor- ough study, and exjjlored the coast of Barca and the valley of the Xile. In 1888 he returned to Europe and took up his residence in Berlin. In 1901-02 he visited Egypt again, returning with rich archieological and botanical collections. Among his publications are The Heart of Africa (1874) and Artc^ Africamr (1875). In collab- oration with Ratzel he also published Emin Pascha. liriscbricfe mid Bcrichte (1888). SCHWEINFTJRTHERS. See Chuhch Tri- VMIMIANT. 'llli;. SCHWEINITZ, shvl'nits. Edjiund Alex- ander UE ( lS2o-87). An American bishop of the Jloravian Church. He was born at Bethlehem, Pa., and studied theology at the Moravian Semi- nary there and at Berlin. He entered the ministry in 1850, and in the course of his jiastoral life was stationed at Canal Dover, 0.: Lebanon, Pa.; Pliiladelphia. Lititz, and Bethlehem, in Penn- sylvania. In 1870 he was consecrated bishop of the Moravian Church. The latter years of his life were spent at Bethlehem, where he held the presidency of the seminary, and also the pres- idency of the governing board of the American Province of the C'nitas Fratrum. He founded The Moravian, the weekly journal of his Church, in 1856, and for ten years was its editor. He was the author of The M'orarion Manual (1859) : The Moravian Episcopate (1805) ; The Life and Times of David Zeisberger ( 1870) : Some of the Fathers of the Moravian Church (1881): and The His- tory of the Church Known as the Unitas Fra- trum ; or, The Unity of the Brethren, founded hy the followers of -John Huss (1885). Consult his ilenwir (Bethlehem, 1888). SCHWEINITZ, Emil Alexander de (1866 -1004). An American bacteriologist, born at Salem, X. C. He graduated at the University of Xorth Carolina in 1SS2 and at Gdttingen in 1886. became connected with the chemical division of the Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C, and in 1890 was appointed director of the bioehemic laboratory of tlie Bureau of Aninml In- dustry of that department. He was also ap- pointed to the chair of chemistry and toxicology in the Columbian University. He made an es- pecial study of hygiene and of bacterial products, and published The Poisons Produced hy the Hog Cholera Germ (1890), The Production of Immunity to Swine Plague hy T'se of the Pro- ducts of the Germ (1891). .1 Hygienic study of Oleomargarine (1896), The War with the Mi- crobes (1897), and other scientific treatises. SCHWEINITZ, George Edmund de (1858 — ). An American ophthalmologist, son of the Moravian bishop, born in Philadelphia, and edu- cated at Bethlehem ^Moravian College and in the University of Pennisylvania (class of 1881). He was prosector (1883-88) and lecturer on oph- tlialuiologj- (1891-92) in the university, and professor in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and in .lelferson Medical College (181)1-92). He wrote Diseases of the Eye (1892), and contributeil to the American System of Obstetrics (1889), to the Cycloprrdia of Diseases' of Children (1890), and to the System of Therapeutics (1892). SCHWEINITZ, Loris David von (1780- 1834). An American botanist, born at Bethle- hem, Pa. He studied in Germany, entered the ministry of the iloravian Church, and held eccle- siastical oHice at Salem. X'. C. and lielhlehem. By his botanical researches he added to the list of American flora more than 1400 species, of which more than 1200 were fungi. He be- cjuealhcd to the Academy of X'alural Sciences of Philadelphia his herbarium, at the time of his death the largest private cedlection in the United States. His works include a Conspectus /•'«»!- gorinii Lusatiw (1805), Specimen Florw Americce Seplcnirionalis Cryplogamicir (1821), and a Sunopsis Fungorum in America Boreali Media Deacntium (1832). See the Memoir, published at Philadelphia in 1835. SCHWEINITZ, Rt-noLF (1839-96). A Ger- man scul]itor. born at Charlottenburg. He studied at tile Berlin Academy under Schievell)ein. and after further training in Paris, Copenhagen, and Rome became his master's assistant. He worked on the exterior decoration of the Xational (iallery in Berlin, for which he designed the three arts for the three corners of the gables. He maile the tliree colossal groups Rhine," "Oder." and "Bat- tle," for the King's Bridge in Berlin ; eight re- liefs on the City Hall, Berlin, and the reliefs on the Weichsel Bridge in Thorn. "Founding of the City of Thorn;" also ten statues in Bliiser's monument to Frederick William III. in Cologne. His "Cupid in Danger" (1881) is in the Xational Gallery. Berlin. SCHWELM, shvelm. A town of Prussia, 23 miles east of Diisseldorf. There are iron, wire, enamel, and nickel works, with maiuifaetnres of wood screws, nurchinery, locks and keys, linens, and silks. Population," in 1900, 16.89o! SCHWENDENER, shven'dcner, Simon ( 1S29 — ). A German botanist, born at Buehs, Switzerland, and educated at Geneva and Zurich. He became professor and director of the botanical gardens at Basel in 1867, and professor of physio- logical botany at Berlin in 1878. He maintained that lichens were composed of algal cells, white cellular tissue, and spongy fungus, and explained the formation and development of ])lan(s by laws of mechanics. He wrote I'eber den Ban und das Wachstum des Flechtenthallus (1S60), Die Al- grntypen der Flechtengonidicn (18()!l). Das mc- elianische Prin::ip im anatomischen Bau der Mo- nokotylcn (1874), Die tnechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen (1878), Veber das Windcn der Pflansen (1881),Zwr Theorie der Blattstellungen (1883), and Gesammelte botanische Mitteilun- gen (1898). SCHWENINGER, shva'ning-er, Ern.st (1850—). A Geniian physician, born in Frei- stadt. He studied medicine at Munich (1806 70), was Buhl's assistant until 1875, when he he- came doeent of pathological anatomy, and in 1879 went into private practice. His appoint- ment to a chair in Berlin, in 1884. was largely due to his successful treatment of Bismarck for obesity. His modified Banting method is de-