Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/771

SCOTLAND. 697 SCOTLAND. output for 1000 liaviii}; liccn £(12r>.n(l(): and iron ore is e.i)loiteii, Ayrsliiri' County [irudueing tlio liugest quantity. Tlic total valui' of the iron ore niinetl in lllOO was £408.113. The value of the granite ([uarried in the same year was f.'}Sl,244. Other mineral produetions of some inijiortance are fire elay, limestone, slate, and lead ore. Fi.siiERiES. The value of fish taken in 1001, £2,237,!I52, was a deeided increase as compared with the value of the catch a decade earlier, but the catch was about the same. While there has been some decrease in net and line fisliing, there was a fourfold increase in the amount of the catcli by trawling. In 1000, 40,192 men were engaged on 11,275 fishing vessels. Considerably over one-half of the total catch is herring, the next most important varieties being haddock and cod. The fishing interest of the east coast is largely concentrated in Aberdeen. The large whaling Heet which formerly had its headquarters at Peterliead has dwindled into insignificance. AoRIClLTURE AND STOCK-RAISING. Owinw to the extensive mountainous area, the development of agriculture is subject to very serious limita- tions. The cultivation of the soil is largely con- fined to the lowlands. The area under crops and in pasture increased from an average of 4.01)0,825 acres for the period 1871-75 to 4.!100,131 in 1091, the increase being almost wholly in the permanent pasture land, which in that year amounted to 1.428,224 acres. Over three-fourths of the area devoted to cereals is in oats, the acreage of that crop in 1001 being 956,389. Barley is the onl.v other important cereal crop. Much less attention is given to wheat than formerly. Green crops are exten- sively grown, but the total acreage of these has decreased in I'ecent years, being U17,480 in 1901. Considerably over two-tliirds was in turnips and swedes, which hold there a place as stock foods somewhat similar to that held by corn in the United States. Potatoes are also an important crop. The area in clover, sainfoin, and grasses under rotation in 1901 was 1.593.401 acres. A Iiighly intensive system of cultivation is followed and an exceptional yieUl of all crops is secured. The size of farm holdings and the system of ten- ure are much the same as for England. (See CiREAT Britain, paragraph Ayricidture.) Stock- raising is relatively very important. Extensive areas in the mountain regions are utilized for grazing. The country has long been noted for its sheep. Some of the best known lireeds. such as the Cheviots, are natives of Scotland. The total number of sheep in 1901 was 7,401,400. In the same year the cattle numbered 1,229,281. Among the well-known native breeds of cattle are the Ayrshire. Galloway, Polled Angus, and Jersey. The Clydesdale horse is one of the best-known breeds of draught horses, while the Shetland ponies enjov an equal distinction among ponies. In 1901 tiie' horses numbered 194.893. But little attention is given to swine, which numbered only 124,821. JlAXUFACTrRES. In but few countries is there so large a per cent, of the population en- gaged in manufactures as in Scotland, in 1891 25. ()5 per cent, of the population being thus en- gaged. The history of the development of the industry has been in its main lines cpiite siiuilar to its course in England, Scotland shares with that country the advantages of cliniat,e. of com- merce, and of mineral wealth, and has con- tributed a goodly portion of the inventive genius, thrift, and business enterprise that have given tJreat Britain its high iiuluslrial rank. There are three groups or l>nnnhes of manufacturing that have attained special prominence, namely, textiles, liqu<irs, and inm and sled, .m<iiig the textiles, woolens, linens, anil cottons are all im- jKUtant. -Mthough Siotili woolens havc> been manufactured for centuries, they did not become prominent until the period of the revolution in the industry brought about by improved ma- cliinery in the early part of the nineteenth cen- tury. The woolens manufactured in the district of the Tweed are famous and their production has become inijioi'tant in a lar;;e luimber of towns. Other varielii's that have becume well known are tartans, plaids, and shawls. Krom 188 woolen and worsted factories with 233,533 spindles and 10.210 persons employed in 1850, there was an increase to 24() factories with ti2l.()34 spindles and 22,0(17 persons employed in 1878. and to 282 factories with 039.724 spindles and 31,077 per- sons employed in 1890. Xo later figures on manufactures are available. The manufacture of linen hail acquired large pnrportions as early as the seveiitei'Uth century, notw it listaniling the at- tempts of the Englisli to liiiider its development; The industry profited much from the union with England and grew rapidly during the eighteenth century. In 1798 the value of the linen manu- factures was estimate'd at £850.405. The great- est develo]iment in the industry was attained about 1807, when 77,105 ])ersons were employed in 197 factories, in which there were 487.579 spindles. Following this, foreign competition has been nuire severe and the industry has not been in so prosperous a condition. In 1890 there were 34,222 persons employed in 130 factories in which there were 208,354 spindles and 18,599 power looms. The li^jen industry is widely dis- tributed. The manufacture of cotton goods de- velo])ed very rapidly in the latter part of the eighteenth century and the early jiart of the nineteentli. In 1801 there were 103 factories emploving 31,237 persons, the s]iindlcs number- ing 1,915,398, and the power looms ,30,110. Lit- tle progress has been made since that period, the factories in 1800 numbering 124. employing 34.- 878 persons, and using 1.204.113 spindles and 28.003 power looms. Jlost of the cottim factories are located in Glasgow or its vicinit.v. In late years the weaving of lace and the manufacture of silks have grown into industries of some importance. Distilling is probably the most thriving of the Scotch industries. Scotland is unrivaled in the reputation of its whisky. The produc- tion of this article increased from 5.108,373 gal- lons in 1824 to 20,104,902 gallons in 1884 and to 31,798,405 gallons in 1900. the output for the last year being consideraldy more than half the product for the United Kingdom. Scotland manufactures only a small fraction of the beer made in the United Kingdom, the output in 1900 being 2.137.030 barrels. The mining of irim and coal in the low countrv has given rise to the development in that section of a large iron and steel industry. It began in 1760 and by the middle of the nineteenth century it era- ployed 13,290 persons. In 1900 1.150,885 tons of pig iron were jiroduced, which was about one- seventh of the total for the United Kingdom. The production of steel ingots in West Scotland