Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/772

SCOTLAND. 698 Scotland SCOTLAND. for the same venr was l,Uil,200 tons has become widely known for its shipbuilding, the C'lydo being the largest shipbuilding centre in the world. The vessels of the Cuiuud Line nre built in the Clyde shipyards. There are also a number of other shii)building centres, but of much less importance. The industry, though sub- ject to occasional checks, is growing. In 1901 370 vessels were built, having an aggregate ton- nage of o54,40li tons. There is a large variety of less important industries such as the manufac- ture of chemicals, pottery, confectionery, and preserves, etc. Tra.nsi'ort.^tiox and Cosimerce. The rail- road mileage increased from 2999 in 1S84 to 3485 in 1900. The Caledonian Canal, connecting Moray Firth with Loch Linnhe and completed in 1847," served for a time as a ship canal, but as vessels became larger their transit through the canal became impossible, and it is now used main- ly for purixises of local traffic. Some of the canals of the Lowland district have been superseded by railroads. The course of the Clyde River has been greatly improved, until ocean vessels can reacli the city of Glasgow. This city is the principal port of Scotland. The total tonnage entered and cleared at its port in 1901, excluding the coast- •wisc trade, was 3,825.890. Leith, the next most important port, was credited with a tonnage of 1.945,754 for the same year. These are followed at a distance by Dundee, C4rangemouth, Green- ock, and Aberdeen. In 1900 the total ton- nage entering Scottish ports in the coastwise trade was 7,213.574. and in the colonial and foreign trade 5,657,200. The value of imports into Scotland in the foreign and colonial trade increased from £8,921.108 in 1851 to £31.012.750 in 1874, and to £38.691.245 in 1900. The value of the exports leaving Scottish ports increased from £5.016.116 in 1851 to £17.012,932 in 1874, and to £32,160,561 in 1900, Scotland having a large per- centage of this trade. A considerable export trade not represented in these figures passes through the English ports. See the paragraph Commerce in the article Great Britain. Finance. Scotland is subject to the same fiscal system as are the other members of the United Kingdom, a discussion of which will be found in the article Great Britain, paragraph Finance. For the fiscal year ending ilarch 31, 1902, the amount contributed by Scotland to the revenue collected by Imperial officers was £16.- 055,000, of which £13,115,000 was collected from taxes. The largest item was the excise tax, productive of £4.326.000, followed by the income tax. £3,645.000: customs. £2.981,000 ': estate, etc., duties, £1,411,000; stamps, £604.000: land tax !ind house duty. £148.000. The non-tax revenue, cliiclly from postal and telegraph services, amounted to £1.858,000, and the revenue derived from local taxation amounted to £1,082,000. The ■expenditure for Scottish services during the same year amounted to £5,059,000, The aggregate amount raised by local authorities for local pur- poses increased from £8,097.456 in 1890-91 to £13,804,788 in 1898-99. For Banka, Government, and Charitable and Penal Institutions, see under Geeat Britain. Population. The population of Scotland at the time of the X'nion in 1707 was estimated at 1,000,000. The first official census taken of the population in 1801 showed the inhabitants to number 1,608,420. Bv the middle of the century (1851) it had further increased to 2,888,742, in 1891 to 4,025,647, and in 1901 to 4,472,103. In the last of these years Scotland contained 10.8 per cent, of the total population of the United King- dom, which was but slightly greater than the corresponding per cent, at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The density per square mile in 1901 was 149, as against 606 for England. The population, however, is very unevenly dis- tributed, being quite sparse over the large High- land area, while the Lowlands, namely the Glas- gow-Edinburgh region, is one of the most denselj' populated districts in Great Britain. Between 1891 and 1901 the town districts — places having 2000 inhabitants and over — increased in aggre- gate population from 2,925,080 to 3.367,280, while during the same period the mainland rural districts made only the slight gain of from 974,- 841 to 983,274, aiid the insular rural districts decreased in population from 125,726 to 121.446. The following table shows the growth of the larger cities: 1861 1891 1901 394,864 168 121 90.417 73.805 618,052 264,796 155.675 123,327 735.906 316.479 160.871 143,722 The following table ministrative divisions and populations. gives the list of the ad- of Scotland, their areas DIVISIONS .iSD CIVIL COUNTIES Shetland Orkue.v Caithness .Sutherland Nairn Elgin BauB Aberdeen Kincardine Rosa and Cromarty. Inverness Forfar Perth Fife Kinross Clackmannan Stirling Dumbarton Argyll Bute Renfrew Ayr Lanark Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Berwic-k Peebles Selkirk Roxburgh Dumfries Kirkcudbright Wigtown Total Area in sq. miles 551 376 686 2,016 102 477 630 1,972 381 3.089 4,211 874 2,494 604 82 55 451 246 3.110 218 240 1.132 879 120 366 267 457 348 267 066 1,072 899 487 29,785 Population 28.711 30.453 37,177 21,896 9,165 43,471 61,684 284,036 35,492 78,727 90,121 277,735 122,185 190,365 6.673 33.140 118,021 98.014 74.085 18.404 2.30.812 226.386 1,105,899 52.808 434.276 37.377 32.290 14.750 27,712 63,500 74,245 39,985 36,062 4,025,647 28,166 28,699 33,870 21,440 9,291 44,800 61,488 304,439 40,923 76.460 90,104 284,082 123,283 218,840 6,981 32.029 142.291 113.865 73.642 18.787 268.980 2.i4.468 1,339,327 63,708 488,796 38.665 30.824 15.066 2;i.3.i6 48.804 72,.571 89.383 32.685 4,472,103 The population of Scotland contains liut a small numlier of non-Scots, amounting in 1900 to only 8.37 per cent, of the total. Considerably over half of these were Irish and the majority of the remainder were English. The foreign element amounted to onlv .21 per cent, of the total popu- lation. Ijj the decade 1891 to 1900. 186.012 of the Scotch element left the United Kingdom for