Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/773

SCOTLAND. 699 SCOTLAND. places out of KiiiDiif. t'oiisideiably over oiip- luUt, of the iScolcli emigrants in the last half uf tlie nineteenth eentuiy went to the United States. Jlany of the Irisli and the other non-Seoteh ele- ments residing in the conntry also have left for other lauds. In 1!HU the males niimliered 2.17ii.- IJI and the females :2.'2'J4.S4!i. In the same year the births numbered 13-2,178, the deaths SO.'lO.'f. The numbers engaged in oeeupations according to the returns of IS'Jl were classified as follows: Professional, 111,319; domestic, 203,1.53; com- mercial, 180,952; agricultural and fishing, 249.- 124; industrial, 1,032,404; and the remainder or unproductive class, 2,248,055. Keligion. Scotland is the stronghold of Presbyterianism, and the mass of the population belong to that faith. The established brunch of the Presbyterian Church includes about one-lialf of the Protestant Church population. In 1899 the congregations of this Church numbered 1447 and the membership 648,470. In 1900 the two branches — the Free Church of Scotland and the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland — were united under the name of the United Free Church of Scotland. Before the union the Free Church had 1109 congregations with 404.828 members and an additional 01,000 adherents, and the United Presbyterian had 589 congrega- tions with 177,517 members. There are a num- ber of other non-conforming bodies, but all of them small. The Episcopalian Church in 1899 had 356 congregations and over 114.000 coninnuiicants and other members. The Catlolie population was estimated in 1898 at 413,000; it consists mainly of the Irish element. Educatio.v. The stipremacy of Scotland over the other parts of the British Isles in elementarj' and secondary education is generally admitted. In remarkable contrast with England, the coun- try is distinguished for having early made public provision for instruction, and the religious con- troversies did not prevent the development of a homogeneous system. An act passed in 1096 obligated the landowners to the support of schools, and they with the ministers of the par- ishes had charge of the administration of the sj'stem. An educational connnittee reported in 1829 that their schools were open freely to Roman Catholics and that the teachers were directed not to press on them any instruction to which their parents or priests might object. Small Parliamentarv grants to education began between 1830 and ' 1840. After 1861 it was only required of the teachers that they should not teach opinions opposed to the divine authority of the Scriptures or to the doctrine of the Shorter Catechism. By the Par- liamentary Educational Act of 1872 the board system was established, in accordance with which a school board elected in every parish and burgh every three years has charge of both elementary and secondary education. School boards have the power of prescribing religious instruction, but the time of giving it must be such that chil- dren absenting themselves will not miss any of the secular instruction. Since 1891 instruction has been free for children from three to fifteen years of age and compulsory between the ages of five and fourteen, with conditional exemption after twelve. The instruction given in the parish schools has been mainly elementary, and secondary instruction was provided by the burgh schools and the academies. Unlike England, Vol. XVU.— i5. jniviite boarding schools have never been widely patronized in Scotland, liurgli schools were es- tablished prior to the Hefi>rniatiun : they were regulated l)y the burgh authorities and open to the general community, but there was never any provision by national enactment for their or- ganization or linanciul suppnrl. The desire for more modern or practical courses of instruction resulted about the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury in the establishment of academies. How- ever, the oppintunities to receive a university l)reparation were always, and still remain, in a measure inadequate, necessitating the assump- tion of that work by the universities themselves. A Parliamentary act was passed in 1887 making technical education possible. In proportion to population Scotland ha.s a larger numl)er of univer.-.ities and a much larger attendance than has England. The universities are Saint . drews, founded in 1411; Glasgow, 1450; Aberdeen, 1404; and Edinbtirgh, 1582. The Scotch universities contrast strikingly with the older English universities in that the expense incurred in taking the course is nnicli smaller in the former. Governmental financial support has never been very liberally extended, but has increased in recent years, which, together with the Carnegie gifts, has ])laced them upon a much better financial footing than ever liefore. Women are admitted to the universities under the same conditions as are men. Ethnology. The people of Scotland, called Scots or Scotch after a Celtic tribe originally from Ireland, are derived from widely dilTerent stocks. The most primitive race were long- headed and thej' have been classed with Sergi's Mediterraneans. These were followed by a brachycephalic people like Ripley's Ali)ine race, but in Scotland they were tall, with massive jaws and broad faces. The third ingredient is a long-headed race, Teutonic, and of lofty stature. From the Stone Age until the eleventh century of our era there is evidence of a contiiuums Scandi- navian invasion penetrating into the north coun- try and entering largely into the composition of the Scotch Highlanders. They belong to the talW est people in the world, having an average height of 1.746 meters, in Ayrshire 1782 meters, and in Galloway 1.792 meters; the cephalic index is 76.2-77.9. There are two centres of speech in Scotland. In the north Gaelic is spoken, belong- ing, with Irish and llanx, to the Giedhelic divi- sion of the Celtic mother tongue. In the south it is Lowland Scotch, an interesting local mix- ture of Scandinavian and English. HISTORY. At the end of the fifth century the Scots, an Irish people, settled in modern Argyll, and soon spread along the western coast from the Clyde to modern Ross. Their kingdom was called Dalriada. To the east of them, occupying the whole country north of the Forth, was the Pictish kingdom (see PtCTS). and to their south lay the British Kingdom of Cumbria, which ex- tended along the western coast from the Clyde to the border of Wales. The English Kingdom of Bernicia. a part of Xorthumbria, occupied the remainder of modern Scotland south of the Forth. The early history of the Dalriad Scots is a narrative of warfare with the other kingdoms. Their first King of whom we have record. Fergus