The great buttresses betwixt these magnificent ice-streams have supplied a large portion of the enormous masses of débris which are disposed in ridges round about, and are strewn over, the termination of the Glacier de Miage in the Val Véni. These moraines[1] used to be classed amongst the wonders of the world. They are very large for a glacier of the size of the Miage.
The dimensions of moraines are not ruled by those of glaciers. Many small glaciers have large moraines,[2] and many large ones have small moraines. The size of the moraines of any glacier depends mainly upon the area of rock surface that is exposed to atmospheric influences within the basin drained by the glacier; upon the nature of such rock, — whether it is friable or resistant; and upon the dip of strata. Moraines most likely will be small if little rock surface is exposed; but when large ones are seen, then, in all probability, large areas of rock, uncovered by snow or ice, will be found in immediate contiguity to the glacier. The Miage glacier has large ones, because it receives detritus from many great cliffs and ridges. But if this glacier, instead of lying, as it does, at the bottom of a trough, were to fill that trough, if it were to completely envelope the Aiguille de Trelatete, and the other mountains which border it, and were to descend from Mont Blanc unbroken by rock or ridge, it would be as destitute of morainic matter as the great Mer de Glace of Greenland. For if a country or district is completely covered up by glacier, the moraines may be of the very smallest dimensions.[3]
The contributions that are supplied to moraines by glaciers themselves, from the abrasion of the rocks over which their ice
- ↑ I do not know the origin of the term moraine. De Saussure says (vol. i. p. 380, § 536), "the peasants of Chamoumix call these heaps of débris the moraine of the glacier." It maybe inferred from this that the term was a local one, peculiar to Chamoumix.
- ↑ An example is referred to on p. 161. Much more remarkable cases might be instanced.
- ↑ It is not usual to find small moraines to large glaciers fed by many branches draining many different basins. That is, if the branches are draining basins which
