A grammar of the Teloogoo language/Chapter 4
CHAPTER FOURTH.
ADJECTIVES.
OF దేశ్యము ADJECTIVES.
The l#bo adjectives are indeclinable, varying neither in gender, in number, nor in case; but dependent for these distinctions upon the substantive nouns or pronouns, to some of which they are invariably prefixed. The following list, containing a few of the most common, will shew that they generally terminate in the short vowels or v>.
| Example | cold. | Example | strong, hard. |
| Example | small. | Example | soft. |
| Example | great. | Example | dirty. |
| Example | little. | Example | damp, wet. |
| Example | white. | Example | blind. |
| Example | black. | Example | bitter. |
| Example | red. | Example | beautiful. |
| Example | yellow. | Example | tall, long. |
| Example | bad. | Example | slack. |
| Example | old. | Example | broad. |
| Example | new. | Example | heavy. |
| Example | male. | Example | sweet. |
| Example | aged, old. | Example | sour. |
| Example | short, small. | Example | true. |
| Example | good. | Example | sharp. |
289 A number of $$ adjectives, ending in " and denoting qualities which are the peculiar objects of sight, taste, or touch, when prefixed to substantive nouns or pronouns, may, at pleasure, affix the particle '$.; thus, t$v black, ~S^ white, ^|g red, ^^ yellow, T^^> azure blue, ^C^A sweet, ^)^ sour, S?^ or ~^_^ soft, prefixed to substantives, either remain unchanged, or be- come #> - iSeJSO c. as "%> or HoiOw|o a white cloth, cSfcg or d&CSO SooSSb a sweet fruit, "^o ^ or 13oj >_) so/2 cotton. 281 To all ~e&3gs$x> adjectives, when prefixed to substantives, we may, at plea- sure, affix the particles ;-> cxwtf or ef>oook>3o&3 from the verb q) to become; but these affixes do not alter their meaning in any way whatever; thns, ~lo$ great, rT*^ Iar 9 e > ^.3> new > ^^ blind > ^^ short > 3&>w slack, &c. C^t *** O make "^-^ocootf or 1boc56x>o4SX)ew a or '^'^o^jSb^cO a great person, and so forth; these particles, however, cannot be added to the adjectives mentioned above as assuming <^, until that affix is first inserted; thus, we cannot say ^^^ but / ^
- it is at the same time to be remarked, that the addition of
cootfdux^o^S to "^^g^ adjectives is, in general, neither neces- sary nor elegant.
EXCEPTIONS.
282 The adjective ^^- handsome or fine, always affixes $> ; thus, we say -%& K)S5rS)oX a handsome person, not ~Z>& S&^oX.
& empty, 5&o& good, and ^^ 5?na//, take no affixes whatever: thus, lJj ~?o an empty box, S&94w59(0x a good person, "^^J^^^ a small horse.
284 The adjective ^ (^ </tzw, swa//, affixes, at pleasure, the syllable S&o ; to which e>;6.> f^tf or ow^iw^otS may be optionally added jthus,^^"^^ ^S^ix) or ^f^^oc^T^A^sSbo ^'^ paper : when it assumes the syllable 5$x>, it admits of another form, according to the following rule.
285 All iSS'QS&o adjectives ending in s&o, when prefixed to substantives, either affix ^KQ-^ocotf , or eocwtfSoosfo&S, or change the final 3$*, to 3) or OF ADJECTIVES. 85
thus, fc3o&3$x> beautiful, makes e5os5b/<6-t9o&3&ax>tf or or 1&n>3&><yo a beautiful face or /aces, or 590&4) or or "sSoroS&Dew abeatttifulface, on faces.
All other -"eSsr^sSao adjectives ending in O when prefixed, wi shout any of the 286 affixes abovementioned, to substantives beginning with a vowel, require the insertion of &, to prevent hiatus; thus, g'eaSo sharp, and ^o^ an arrow, make ^ef&o^^ a sharp arrow ; $^o jwre, and 9?&S, a mirror, make a pure mirror.
Some "S^sSix) adjectives are derived from substantives in the following 287 manner. SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES. a leak ................. &>3 ............... leaky. lameness ............... oo3 ................. / am<? . ................ iron ................... SJ&SS... ................. irow. ................ hemp, flax ............ a^SS ................... hempen.
.............. deafness .............. "SJX>*3 .................. //w/I
It is necessary to apprize the reader that many "wSfcsSM nouns are used both as adjectives and substantives, in the same manner as a number of terms in our own language; thus, we say &&&$gf&&8fo& the damp is great, and #&av^ a j amp c i offl} the word $& jn Xeloogoo, and damp in English, being used, in these sentences, first as a substantive, and afterwards as an adjective noun : thus, also, we find that ^:&> means either bitter or bitterness, "3c^ tall or tallness, "S^ew^ broad or breadth, wCo) heavy or weight, &$) sweet or sweetness, Sec. but e>o;Sx> 6ea M fy O r beautiful, and other words in S$bo, which are used either as adjectives or substantives, may be .considered properly to belong to the Utter class of nouns; for it will be observed that, by rule 285, they cannot be used in the former sense, without adding certain affixes, which as substantives they never assume. 86 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
OF OOj35DoS ADJECTIVES.
289 The rules which have, been given for the derivation of substantive nouns from the Sanscrit, apply equally to the derivation of adjectives from that language : ft3^5S3xx> adjectives, therefore, in opposition to ""oS^* adjectives, admit of the distinctions of gender, number, and case-
Sanscrit. Crude. Adjective. ........ .virtuous ........ skiUed Masculine-
- C o Q" . ..independent ........ ^$C &
Stf&o.CS. .. dependent ......... SS&eS'o, e&> JoicOb ....... rf^ar .............. i5o i excellent. ......... lofty, tall ....... ( Teloogoo. Feminine. Neuter. ,^ i.* ........ X> C & S5bo i3 i <). , V-.> .poor ............. >. ........ ...,, , .^ proper.. extensive dexterous.. .i
290 e^t^S$>^x) adjectives, when immediately prefixed to substantives, do not in . general admit of declension. They usually require the particles OF ADJECTIVES. 87
or &OM& 6oos5"o&3 to be affixed to the nominative singular, if the substantive be neuter; and if the substantive be masculine or feminine, either to the singular or plural nominative, according as the substantive may be in the singular or plural number: feminine ^3&S&3 adjectives in v, before affixing these par- ticles, previously change the final ^into oiyex) in the singular, and ^Tfo or x3~5"ofl in the plural, from the word *ex3, denoting a female ; thus, por ox>o*& a handsome house or houses, handsome men, C .1 _ } a handsome z0oman,<&o&Ty*o^2 ; ooo?5 jo ex> or 8* OXJJ5", ro .^xD handsome women. <CJ
Neuter #*^5&3bo adjectives in sS, instead of affixing fcS/fo.eSoxitf or 291 C5oooj5 600^0^ may, like the "el'JfCSSx) adjectives, change the final &, to ^) or o^>; thus, we may say #tf#) or 7^5^o^)^ewo or sSew&ew a melli-fluent expression or expressions (literally, words full of quintessence.)
Sanscrit adjectives ending in the terminations o^el and v>cS , when adopted into Teloogoo,change them,in the masculine gender toS5"o&cband3fc&x~ ^b; in the feminine, to S5oe&TT > ex> and 5fcoe^)"C~'cx ) or 55" and 5fo) ; and in the neuter gender, to S^otf o$x> and SSoo^sSix), or o?T) and 55b^o.
EXAMPLES.
Crude. Adjective. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. { r ...sensible ....... ax5as^oQbc^ < ^ 1
- /
> C tf T . I f
adjectives, preceding #e^3&S&o substantives, often drop all their Teloogoo terminations, and are compounded with the substantive in their uninflected or crude state, according to the rules of Sanscrit grammar ; thus, 88 TELOOGOO GRAMMAR.
).. ...wicked nnd.....~5^Jx(OCC<2& a gi an f ma j become [a wicked giant- ... .excellent 3to&...&$<$to ...... ahorse ................ V/Vo^S^ an [excellent horse. , and... ...<"3bo ...... money ................. &Z$$x> [much money* opulent, and . } 3&& ..... a master ................ fJ 6 *rJf^ s j&& [an opulent master.
294 In the common dialect r neuter adjectives in S&>, of whatever clasp, ajre constantly prefixed, with the particles fcS>;6-fc>aitf or >ax>tf&x>tfo3, to substantives of all genders and numbers promiscuously; thus, or box*W&c. a handsome man-men- icoman-ivomen-face?-faces, fyc.
295 The rules respecting *25^SS'3xx> and 9gl:5 i zf ^"^o substantives are also applicable to adjectives of the same descriptions.
OF ADJECTIVE PBONOUNS.
296 The adjective pronouns may be divided into the same classes as the substantive pronouns of the third person, viz. definite and indefinite, with the addition of the possessive pronouns.
POSSESSIVES.
297 The possessive pronouns consist of the possessive or genitive cases of the respective substantive pronouns, without the postposition ^|1_ viz.
his (remote) his (proximate) her or its (proximate) .her or its (do) , .our .their M fy F. (proximate) .our P _ .their -N. (do) sr8 their M> $ F. (remote) .your r63....; ........ their N.(do) his, her, its .their
298 These pronouns are indeclinable ; they are prefixed to nouns in the same manner 1 as the !#3&o adjectives, but without affixes of any kind ; thus* *r* ow*x> my house, -5T8^:)a955boex) their horses, &c. on ^ * ojn OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUJSS. 89
DEFINITE PRONOUNS.
Each of the definite adjective pronouns consists of one long vowel ; viz. the demonstrative proximate "^, or, as it is vulgarly written, osr , meaning this; the demonstrative remote & that; and the interrogative ^ or, as it is
commonly written, <sx>, what ? When prefixed to substantives, these pronouns are sometimes converted into their corresponding short vowels, and the following consonant is then doubled; thus, -&>;ffe33bo or S^JTsSbySSbo or, as it is commonly written, cxw^oSbej&w or ox>'5S>y this lotus> &~&"vx> or that lime, &T*^S$w or <^;3"i>5$x> or as it ia vulgarly written or ^>yw3fc> w hat time? Wh,en the vowel is shortened, the " is doubled, in each of these examples.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
The indefinite adjective pronouns are prefixed to plural substantives, without any intermediate affix ; they are merely the nominative cases of the indefinite substantive pronouns of the third person, viz. M. & F. AT. so many. all. a few.
The indeclinable particle &0&, commonly written ^olT 9 , meaning thz whole, in full, Sec. affixed to substantives, has the same force as the pronouns e= or W^ prefixed to them ; thus, ^oSwSfo&oStftaJ or all men t W^Sjbgew or 3j&)e;o5 all things.