Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man/Index

by Charles Lyell

 

INDEX.

ABBEVILLE and Amiens, 102

— peat of, 109

Agassiz cited, 105, 226

— on Alpine glaciers, 291

— — classification, 397

— — immaterial principle in animals, 497

— — Florida coral reefs, 44

— — instinct, 493

— — theory of Glen Roy roads, 256

Age of man in reference to glacial period, 228

Ages of stone and bronze, 369

Alluvium of Thames, 154

— with flint tools, 93, 106, 112-150, 166-169

Alpine erratics on Jura, 294

— glacial action, 291, 320

Alternate generation, 421

American Indians, 140

— monkeys, dentition of, 479

Amiens flint implements, 95, 114, 132

Amoorland mammals, 158, 440

Anca, Baron, 176

Antiquités Celtiques, 94

Antiquity of Liége cave bones, 73

— — man, 206, 289, 372, 384

Apes, brain of, compared to human, 480

— classification of, 474

— list of genera of, 487

Archæopteryx macrurus, 450

Archencephala, 481, 491

Arcy-sur-Yonne, 151

Ardekillen Lake, 30

Aristotle, meteorics, 381

Aryan hypothesis, 455

Aurignac burial place, post-pliocene, (fig. 25), 182

— fossils, antiquity of, 190

Aurochs, 14, 190

Austen, Mr. Godwin, on Kent's hole, 97

— — — — marine post-pliocene shells on Sussex coast, 281

— — — — Pease Marsh gravel, 161

Australian skulls, 87

— weapons, 113

Aymard, M., 194

 

BABINGTON, Mr., 425

Bacton whales, 217

Baillon, M., 126

Bald, Mr., 53

Baltic, brackish waters of, 13, 56

Barrett, Lucas, 451

Bats in islands, 445, 447

Beaches, raised, 57

Beach raised in Fife, 54

Bedford flint tools, 165

Behring's Straits, 367

Belgian caverns, 59

Bell, Mr., on Bos primigenius, 370

Bentham, Mr., 425

Biddenham, near Bedford, 163

Bienne, lake of, 29

Bimana, order of, Blumenbach, 4 74

Bimanous, term, 475

Binkhorst, M. Van, 339

Binney, Mr. E., on marine drift shells in Central England, 270

Birch, Mr., on Egypt, 37

Bison Europæus, 61, 191

Bize, cavern of, 59

Blumenbach's order Bimana, 474

Boetlingk, M., 233

Borreby skull (fig. 5), 85

Bos bison, 14

— brachyceros, 24

— primigenius, 22, 24

— trochoceros, 24

— urus, 14

Boucher de Perthes, cited, 94, 109, 113, 121, 228

Boulders floating on ice, 361

— striated, 304

Brachiopoda fossil, Davidson on, 426

Brain, human structure of, 480

— of Bushwoman (fig. 58), 485

— — chimpanzee (fig. 56), 484 and (fig. 57) 485

— Rolleston on, 492

Brick, burnt, in Egypt, 36

Bristow, H. W., cited, 278

British Isles, map of, 276

— in glacial period, 278

Brixham cave, 96

Brocchi on dying out of species, 393

Brongniart, Adolphe, on progression, 398, 404

Bronn on progression, 397

Bronze, age of, 10, 370

Brown, Mr. John, on Shetland insects, 435

Bubalus moschatus, 145, 156

Buchanan, Mr. John, on Glasgow canoes, 47

Buckland, Dr., 97, 256

Buffalo fossil near Berlin, 156

Bunsen, Baron, cited, 383

Burial rites in post-pliocene period, 192

Buried hut in Swedish drift, 240

Busk, Mr., cited, 11, 84, 86

— on Borreby skull, 85

Buteux's sections at St. Acheul, 96, 136

 

CAGLIARI, 177

Cairo, 37

Canada, drift of, 354

Canche river, 109

Canoes, buried, of Glasgow, 49

Capercailzie in shell mounds, 15

Carnon, skulls at, 56

Carriden, 51

Carses of Clyde, Forth, and Tay, 47, 51, 54, 283

Carver, travels in N. America, 189

Cashmere, temple, 45

Caucasus, languages in, 460

Cave deposits, 93

— bear in Brixham Cave, 100

— of Neanderthal, 75

— at Bankton, 48

— — Brixham, 96

Cavern of Bize, 59

— — Chauvaux, 80

— — Engis, 65

— — Pondres, near Nismes, 60

Caverns round Liége, 63

Chalk, dislocations of, Denmark, 342

— pinnacle at Sherringham, 221

Chambers, Mr. Robert, 241

— — — on parallel roads, 258, 260

Chamblon, pile works, 28

Changes in physical geography, 375

— of level, 110, 286

Charonne, 151

Charpentier on Alpine glaciers, 291

Chavannes, 26

Chilian Andes glaciers, 296

Chillesford beds, 211

Chimpanzee, Marshall on, 488

— brain, 484

Chokier cavern, 65, 72

Christol, M., 59

Civilisation, early Egyptian, 380

Classification, systems of, 473

Cleopatra's Baths, 35

Clichy, gravel of, 151

Climate, 368

— changes of, 364, 368

— of Europe when Amiens' flint tools embedded, 142

— — — — drift of North Germany was formed, 157

Coast ice, transporting power of, 363

— of Cornwall, 56

Cold, increasing, shown by Norfolk and Suffolk tertiaries, 210

— period in France, 138, 142

— — — Sicily and Syria, 223

Contorted drift, 222

— — in North Italy, 308

— strata, Norfolk (figs. 29, 30, 31), 220

— — at St. Acheul (fig. 21 a), 138

Copford, Essex, 155

Copper, age of, 11

Coral reefs, Florida, 44

Cornwall, coast of, 56

Coscinopora globularis figured, 119

Crag of Suffolk, 209

Crahay, Professor, 339

Crannoges, 29

Crawfurd, Mr., on languages, 455

Creation by variation, 417

— of species, 394, 423

Crete, rising of, 178

Cromer forest bed, 212, 214

— granite erratics at, 218

— section of Norfolk cliffs, at 213

Currents affect climate, 368

Cynotherium, 177

Cyrena fluminalis, 123, 124, 142, 154, 159, 161

— — figures of, 124

 

DANISH peat, 8, 372

— shell mounds, 11, 372

Darent, valley of, 161

Darwin, Charles, on beach near Lima, 46

— — — erratics, 270

— — — glaciers of Chilian Andes, 296

— — — origin of species, 408

— — — parallel roads, 257

— — — on progression, 405

Davidson on fossil brachiopoda, 426

Dawkins, Mr., 171

Degeneracy, notion of, controverted, 378

Degradation of structure, 412

Delabeche, Sir H., his map of British Isles upheaved 600 feet, 275, 279

Delesse, M., analysis of fossil bones by, 187

Delta of Mississippi, 42

— — Nile, 33

Dendrites on flint, figures of 116

Denise fossil man, 194

Deshayes on recent species of shells in upper miocene strata, 430

Desnoyers, M., on antiquity of human remains, 61, 181

Deville on contraction of granite, 286

Disco Island, 236

Dogs, bones of, in shell mounds, 15

— of bronze age, 25

D'Orbigny, Alcide, controverts existence of recent species of miocene shells, 430

Dover, Straits of, 284, 367

Dowler, Dr., 43, 200

Drew, Mr. F., cited, 278

Drift and boulders in Ireland, 272

— contorted in Denmark, 342

— in Perthshire, 244

Drumkellin bog, 30

Dryden on man, quoted, 193

Dryopithecus of Lartet, 499

Dumont d'Urville, Papoo dwellings, 19

Dundonald, cannel coal ornament at, 55

Dürnten, near Zurich, lignite of, 314

Dussel river, 75

 

EARTHQUAKE of 1855 in New Zealand, 349

— — New Madrid, 202

Egypt, borings in Nile valley, 33, 38

— date of buildings in, 380

— Sir G. C. Lewis on, 381

Egyptian early civilisation, 380

Egyptologists, 38

Elephants' fossil teeth, 133

Elephas antiquus (fig. 19), 133, 143

— meridionalis (fig. 20), 133

— primigenius (fig. 18), 133

— — Torquay, 371

Elevation of land, in Sardinia, 177

— — — in valley of Mississippi, 205

Eliot, Father, translation of Bible, 467

Embryological development, 415

Engihoul cavern, 65

Engis cave skull, 79, and (fig. 2) 81

— cavern, 65

England, glacial formations in, 269

Engulfed rivers near Liége, 72

Eocene monkey of Rütimeyer, 500

— supposed monkey of Kyson, a pachyderm, 500

Equine fossil species in America, 439

Erosion, glacial, of lakes, 309

Erosive action of glaciers, 315

Erratic blocks, map of, 357

— — distribution and size of, 362

— — in Massachusetts, 355

— — England, 280

Erratics in Ireland, 272

— — Sussex, 281

— — Sweden, 239

Escher von der Linth on Alpine erratics, 303

Etheridge, Mr., cited, 278

Europe, map of N.W., upheaved 600 feet, 279

Evans, Mr. John, 162, 187

— — — on archæopteryx, 453

— — — on flint implements, 117

Extinct glaciers of Switzerland, 290

Extinction of species, 374, 393

 

FAJOLES, hill of, 182

Falconer, Dr.. on British species of fossil rhinoceros, 173

— — cited, 134, 135, 143, 174, 179, 199, 216

— — on Brixham cave, 98

— — — elephants, 436

— — — plagiaulax, 400

Falunian strata, 430

Farquharson of Haughton, 113

Fife, raised beach in, 54

Finmark, unequal movement in, 348

Flint implements, 66, 127, 160-163

— — figures of, 114, 115, 118

— — at Icklingham, 169

— — — Hoxne, Suffolk, 166

— — from St. Acheul, 114

— — in ancient gravel, 141

— — — basin of Seine, 150

— — — Somme valley, 112

— — of Ouse valley, 163

— knives in Aurignac cave, 188

Flint knives in Brixham cave, 102

— — — valley of Somme, 117

— tools near Bedford, 165

Florida coral reefs, 44

Flower, Mr., on quadrumana, 488

Fluviatile deposits of Thames valley, 159

Fluvio-marine formation at Shoeburyness, 129

Foldings of strata in Island of Möen, 342

Fond du Forêt, 70

Foraminifera, 442

Forbes, Edward, cited, 283

— — Fauna and Flora of British Isles, cited, 6, 146, 211, 274, 283

— — on zero of animal life in Egean, 268

Forest bed of Norfolk cliffs, 215

Forfarshire zone of boulder clay, 249

Fossil man of Denise, 194

Fossiliferous strata, tabular view of, 7

Fox, used for food, 24

France, Central, volcanic action in, 198

Frere, Mr., on flint implements, 104, 166

Fuhlrott, Dr., 76

 

GALLO-ROMAN antiquities, 152

— — coffins, 134

— — remains, 110

Gangetic mud, 336

Garnier, M., of Amiens, 134, 143, 145

Gastaldi, Signor, 305

Gaudry, M., 104

Gaulish monuments, 61

Geikie, Mr., cited, 278

— — on buried canoes, 49

— — — upheaval of Scotland, 50

Generations, alternate, 421

Geneva, Lake of, filled with ice, 299

Geographical changes in post-pliocene period, 273, 284, 375

Geological record, imperfection of, 448

German language in Pennsylvania, 466

Gilliéron, Victor, 28

Giraffe, 410

Girard on Egypt, 37

Glacial changes in Scotland, 248

— —, time required for, 284

— deposits of Norfolk cliffs, 218

— — succession of, 322

— — in Ireland, 270

— drift near Ivrea, 308

— deposits in England, 269

— period, 229, 435

— — age of, 206

— — in North America, 351

— — — Scotland, 241

— furrows, 293

Glacial erosion, 309

Glaciers, 291, 293, 294, 296, 301, 315

—, extinct in Wales, 265

Glaciers extinct of Alps, intense action of, 304, and (fig. 42) 299

— Morlot on, 301

Glen Roy, Agassiz on, 256

Glen Roy, map of (fig. 36), 254, 252, and see Parallel roads

Goffontaine, 69

Gorilla, foot of, 477

— Huxley on, 490

— Owen on, 490

Gosse, H. T., flint tools found by, 151

Gower caves, 172

Gratiolet on brain, 482

Gravels, upper and lower, 130

Gray, Dr. Asa, on law of continuity, 501

— — — — natural selection and natural theology, 502, 505

Gray's Thurrock, 157

Greeks and Romans on early state of man, 379

Greenland, continental ice of, 235

Griffiths, Sir R., on Irish drift, 272

Grotto di Maccagnone, 175

Ground-ice, 139

Guildford flint implements, 161

Gulf stream affects climate, 364

Gunn, Rev. J., on Mundesley strata, 168, 216, 224

Guyot on glaciers, 297

 

HAARLEM, lake of, 157

Hall, James, on trains of erratics in United States, 355

Hallam on Man's place in creation, 500

Hallstadt triassic beds, 449

Hanno, 384

Happisburgh buried forest, 214

Harrison, General, on Ohio mounds, 41

Hayden, Mr., on fossil mammalia of Niobrara, 438

Hearne on American Indians, 140

Hébert, M., 104, 151, 196

Heer, Professor, cited, 215, 237

— — on carbonised wheat, 21

— — — Dürnten fossils, 315

— — — Oeninghen plants, 431

— — — fossil plants of Greenland and Iceland, 238

— and Unger on Atlantic continent, 440

Hekekyan Bey, 33

Heliopolis, 4, 388, 333

Herodotus on lake dwellings in Thrace, 17

Herschel, Sir J. F., on physical geography and polar cold, 367

Hesbayan mud or loess, 329

Hildreth, Dr., 41

Himalayan mud compared to loess, 336

Hippopotamus, climate and habits of, 178

— fossil,

His, Professor, 26

Hitchcock, Professor, on glaciers of Massachusetts, 355

Homer on Thebes, 382

Hooker, Dr. on creation by variation, 134, 157, 142, 157, 172, 175, 417

— — — glaciers of Lebanon, 323

— — — Himalayan shelves or roads, 261

— — — progression, whether indicated by fossil plants, 404

— — — reversion, 420

— — — variation in plants of complex organisation, 442

Hopkins on climate, 364

Horace on origin of Man, 379

Horner, Mr., on borings of alluvial plain of the Nile, 34, 33

Hörnes on Vienna basin, 430

Hoxne flint implements, 166

— section of strata at (fig. 24), 168

Hull, Mr. E., on extinct glaciers in England, 269

Human bones, 59

— — absence of, in alluvium of Somme, 144

— — in Liége caverns, 64

— fossils at Le Puy, 194

— — — Natchez, 200

— remains in loess near Maestricht, 338

Humboldt, Alex., on languages, 461

— William, on languages, 468

Humphry, Dr., on characters of Negro, 91

Huxley on brain, 483

— — gorilla, 490

— — human skulls of Engis and Neanderthal, 80

— — difference between reason and instinct, 494

— — term quadrumanous, 476, 478

Hyæna spelæa, 171

Hybridisation, 411

 

ICE-ACTION in Norfolk cliffs, 222

— — North America, 355

— — river beds, 139

— of extinct glaciers, intensity of, 304

Icebergs, action of, 230, 361

Iceland, Norwegian colony in, 465

Icelandic language, 466

— surturbrand, plants of, 238

Icklingham flint implements, 169

Immortality of the soul, 498

Imperfection of geological record, 448

Independent creation, 422

Indians of Massachusetts, extinction of, 467

Insects, European and American, 434

Ireland, glacial formations in, 270

Irish lake dwellings, 29

Iron, age of, 10

Islands, absence of mammalia in, 443

Italian extinct glaciers, 305

Ivrea glacial drift, 308

 

JAMES, Sir H., cited, 271, 278

Jamieson, T. P., of Ellon, 242

— — — — cited, 278

— — — — on extinct river channels, 249

— — — — on glacial period in Scotland, 244

— — — — on parallel roads 259

Jukes, Prof., survey of Ireland, 272

Junction and separation of England and Ireland, 282

— — — — — — the Continent, 282

Jura, Alpine blocks on, 294

 

KELLER on lake villages, 19

— — fishing-huts, 19

Kent, flint implements in, 162

Kent's Hole, cave near Torquay, 97

King, Rev. S. W. on Mundesley section, 168, 224

— — — — cited, 214, 215, 217

Kingsley, Rev. C., 156

Kitchen-middens, or refuse heaps, 12, 372

Kjerulf of Christiania on ice-action in Sweden, 234

 

LAKE-BASINS, origin of, 309

— dwelling, post-glacial in Italy, 319

— — Swiss, Plate I., frontispiece, 17, 373

— of Haarlem, 147

Lamarck's theory, 389

— — objections to, 392

Lambert, Abbé, on fossil bones of Oise valley, 153

Lamont, Mr., on Spitzbergen, 268

Languages formed slowly, 465

— changes of, compared to species, 457

— origin and development of, 454

Larcom, Lieut., map of Ireland, 278

Lartet, M., 60, 153, 183, 196

Lartet, M., on Dryopithecus, 499

Lauder, Sir T. Dick, cited, 255

Leech, Mr. T., on flint tools, 162

Leidy, Dr., on fossil mammalia of United States, 438

Lemming of Norway, 157

Lepsius, cited, 383

Lepus timidus, 23

Le Puy-en-Velay human fossils, 194

Lewis, Sir G. C., 381, 382

Liebig on stalactite, 71

Liége caverns, 63, 70

Life at great depths in ocean, 268

Lignite at Uznach, 315

Linant Bey, 37

Linnæan order, Primates, 474

Living languages, number of, 458

Lochaber parallel roads, 252

Loess at Liége, 74

— fossil shells of (figs. 44, 46), 326

— geographical distribution of, 328

— human remains in, 324

— in basin of Danube, 333

— — — — Neckar, 332

— nature and origin of, 324

— near Stuttgart, 331

— of Belgium, 329

— — Odenwald, 330

— position of, 334

Lohle, Mr., on piles of lake dwellings, 20

London, flint implements in gravel of, 160

Longevity of species in mammalia, 441

Lovén, on arctic character of drift shells, 57

Lower level gravels of Somme Valley, 108

Lubbock, Mr., on Danish shell mounds, 11

— — — Bubalus moschatus, 156

— — — Swiss lake dwellings, 19

Lund, fossil monkeys found by, in Brazil, 498

 

MACANDREW, Mr., 146

Maccagnone, Grotto di, 175

M'Enery, Mr., 97

Maclaren, Mr. C., on Pentland hill erratics, 247

— — — — Swiss erratics, 298

Madeiran Archipelago, 444

Maestricht loess, 338

Malaise, Professor, 69

Malthusian doctrine, 409

Mammalia, absence of, in islands, 443

— at Menchecourt, 125

— nineteen species of, in Aurignac cave, 185

Mammalian fauna in Central France, 199

— fossil in drift of Somme, 137

— — of Norfolk cliffs, 216

— longevity of species in, 441

— recent and fossil, 436

— remains in Liége caverns, 64

— — scarcity of, in Irish drift, 271

Mammals of Amoorland, 158

Man, extermination of species by, 374

— foot of, 476

— migrations of, 376

Man's age in relation to present fauna, 289

Map by de Mortillet of moraines (fig. 43), 306

— of British isles in glacial period (fig. 39), 276, (fig. 40) 278

— — erratic blocks in U. S., 357

— — Europe upheaved 600 feet (fig. 41), 279

— — parallel roads, Glen Roy (fig. 36), 254

Marcel de Serres, 60

Marcon, Mr., cited, 315

Marietta, mounds at, 41

Marmora, Count Albert de la, 177

Marshall, Mr. on chimpanzee, 488

Massachusetts erratic blocks, 355, 359

Mastodon, genus, 353, 436

— arvernensis, 226

— giganteus, 351, 353

Mautort, flints at, near Abbeville, 125

Megaceros Hibernicus, 185, 273, 283

Meigs, Dr., 42

Meilen, lake of Zurich, 18, 26

Memphis, 34, 381

— antiquity of, 382

Menchecourt, near Abbeville, 121

— mammalia, 125

Menchecourt, fossil shells at, 123

— section at, 122

Menzaleh, lake, 35

Meridional zones of cold, 366

Migrations of man, 376

Miller, Hugh, on progression, 396

Milne, Mr., cited, 129

Miocene flora of Iceland, 238

— plants and insects, 432

Missing links between man and animals, 502

Mississippi Delta, 42

— section of valley of (fig. 26), 200

Moel Tryfane, 267

Möen, Island of, 342

Möens klint (figs. 47 and 48), 344

Molluscs, longevity of species in, 442

Moore, Mr. C., 401

Moosseedorf, lake of, 20

Moraines, of modern glaciers, 293

— in Scotland, 248

Morges, bronze period, 21

Morlot on Swiss glaciers, 301, 220

— — geological archæology, 110

— — delta of Tinière, 27

Mortillet, Gabriel de, on lake basins 310

— — — map of moraines by, 306

Morvan, granite boulders from, 151

Moulin Quignon, 130

Mounds in valley of Ohio, 39, 41

— of Santos, 41

Mud produced by glaciers, 325

Mudge, Captain, 31

Müller, Max, on languages, 454

Mundesley and Hoxne deposits compared, 227

— fresh water formation, 223

— section (fig. 33), 224

Murchison, Sir R. I., on Alpine glaciers, 296

Muswell Hill, 160

Mutability in vegetable kingdom, 418

Mytilus edulis, 13

— — fossil, 178, 240

 

NATCHEZ, age of deposit, 203

— — — fossil man, 205

— human fossil at, 200

— shells, 201

Natural selection, 407, 413

— — and variation, 469

Neanderthal cave, section of (fig. 1), 76

— skeleton, 76, 375

— skull, 78 and (fig. 3) 82, and (fig. 4) 83

Nebraska valley, 439

Negro, anatomical character of, 91

— pictures of in Egyptian temples, 385

— race unchanged in Virginia, 386

Neozoic strata, 7

Newbold, Captain, 36

New Madrid, earthquake of, 202

New Zealand, earthquakes in, 349

Nile delta, 33

— mud, 325

— river, 36

Niobrara valley, 438

Noeggerath, Professor, of Bonn, 128

Nomenclature of Tertiaries, 3

Norfolk cliffs, section of (fig. 27), 213

North America, glacial period in, 351

— — — deposits in, 354

— Cape, rising, 58

Norway, raised beaches, 57

Norwegian colony in Iceland, 465

Norwich Crag, 208

 

OAK, in Danish peat, 9

Ocean, life in at great depths, 268

Oeninghen beds, 431

Ohio, ancient mounds of valley of, 39

— valley of, 39

Oise, valley of, 153

Orbitolina concava, 119

Organic remains, in Scotch boulder clay, 250

— — variety of in glacial formations, 267

Origin of species by variation and natural selection, 407

— and development of languages, 454

Oscillations of Alpine glaciers, 292

— of level, 285, 287, 333

Ossiferous caves in Sicily, 174

Ouse, valley, section of, 164

— — flint implements, 163

Owen, Professor, on human brain, 480

— — supposed eocene monkey of Kyson, 500

Owen, Professor, on archæopteryx, 451

— — — brain of marmoset, 483

— — — gorilla, 490

— — — progression, 397

 

PALUDINA marginata, 225

Parallel roads, Darwin on, 257

— — view of, Plate II., p. 252

— — of Glen Roy, 252

— — Chambers on, 258

— — Jamieson on, 259

Pæonian lake dwellings, 17

Pagham erratics near Chichester, 280,

Pascal's Thoughts, 500

Paviland skeleton, 98

Peat, Danish, 8

— antiquity of, 110

— of Somme valley, 106, 108

— rate of growth of, 111

Pengelly, Mr., 98

Penguin, in shell-mounds, 15

Pennsylvania, 466

Pertuan, skulls, 56

Perthshire, drift in, 244

Pertz, Chevalier, 459

Peru, raised beach, 46

Phillips, Professor, on erratics of Yorkshire, 270

Phoca gryppus, 14

Physical geography, revolutions in, 274, 375

Pictet, Professor, 195, 90

Pierre à Bot, 295

Pingel, Dr., 237

Plagiaulax, 400

Plants, fossils of Norfolk cliffs, 216

Pleistocene, term explained, 6

Pliocene, older and newer, terms defined, 6

Pont de Thiéle, 29

Post-glacial dislocations, 341

— lake dwelling in Italy, 319

Post-pliocene period, 59

— alluvium, with flint implements, 93

— — of Somme Valley, 106

— — burying-place at Aurignac, 181

— — term defined, 5

— tertiary, term defined, 5

Pottery, post-pliocene, in Sardinia, 178

Pouchet, George M., 104

Pourtalis, M., 44

Pozzuoli, 45

Prestwich, Mr., on Chillesford glacial beds, 211

— — his visit to St. Acheul, 103

— — — discovery of Cyrena at Abbeville, 123

— — on contorted strata at St. Acheul, 138

— — cited, 161, 162, 168, 169, 225, 267, 270, 376

— — on ground ice, 139

— — — ice-holes at St. Acheul, 116

Précy near Criel, 153

Primordial types, 470

Primates, Linnæan order of, 474

Proboscidians, 436

Progression, theory of, 395, 472

— whether botanically true, 405

Puggaard, rise of land in Denmark, 12

Puggaard's sections, 344

Purbeck, oolite fossil mammalia of, 400

 

QUADRUMANOUS, term, 475

— why term deceptive, 476

Quadrumana, Mr. W. H. Flower on, 488

Quatrefages on unity of species, 495

Quedlinburg, 157

Quenstedt, Professor, on Bubalus moschatus, 186

 

RACE and species, 389

Races change more slowly than languages, 457

Raised beach in Peru, 46

Rameses, statue of, 38

Ramsay, Professor, on flint tools, 117

— — cited, 285

— — on glaciers of North Wales, 266

— — — lake basins, 311

Ravin, M., 126

Recent deposits of seas and lakes, 44

— geological term, defined, 5

Reindeer in Brixham cave, 99

Reindeer, 1000 antlers of, in one fissure, 172

— fossil in South of France, 190

Reptilia, retrograde movement of, 402

Reversion to original type, 420

Rhine, bed of, at Bingen, 128

— glacial drift of, 303

Rhinoceros hemitœcus, 173

— tichorhinus, 156, 186

— — eaten by man, 186

Rhone, extinct glacier, 299

— glacial drift of, 303

Richardson, Sir John, on Arctic fossil plants, 238

Rigollot, Dr., 95

Rink, Dr. H., on Greenland ice, 235

Rise of land in Sardinia, 177

Robert, M., on Denise fossil man, 198

Roches Moutonnées (fig. 38), 269

Rolleston, Professor, on brain, 488, 489, 492

Roman pottery, 110

Rosière, 38

Rubus genus, 425

Rütimeyer, on Bos primigenius, 370

— — Eocene monkey, 500

— — vertebrata of lake dwellings, 22

 

ST. ACHEUL, 96

— — contorted strata (fig. 21 a), 138

— — section of gravel (fig. 21), 135

St. Cassian beds, 449

St. George's Channel, 283

St. Hadelin, 72

St. Hilaire, Isidore G., on Bimana, 475

San Ciro, 175

Sandstone blocks in gravel of Somme, 136

Santos mounds, 41

Sardinia, role of land in, 177

Saxe Weimar, Prince Bernhard of, 466

Scandinavia, a centre of erratics, 232

— once covered with ice, 232

Scarcity of human bones, 148

Schaaffhausen, Professor, 78

Schiller's Indian funeral dirge, 189

Schlegel, Professor, on elephant, 438

Schmerling, Dr., cited, 63, 145

Schmerling, Dr., on antiquity of man, 68

Schrenck, Dr. von, 158

Schroeder van der Kolk, 481, 486

Scotch fir in Danish peat, 9

— — — Cromer forest bed, 215

— — — lignite of Utznach, 315

— boulder clay, organic remains in, 250

Scotland, glacial period in, 241

— re-elevation of, 246

— submergence of, 243

— upheaval in, 47

Scrope, Mr. Poulett, 192, 195

Sedgwick, Professor, on progression, 395

Section at Hoxne, 168

— of Aurignac cave (fig. 25), 182

— — cliffs at Cromer, 213

— — Neanderthal cave (fig. 1), 76

— — Ouse valley (fig. 24), 164

— — Somme valley, 106 (fig. 16), 121

Sefström on alternate generation, 421

Seine, basin of, 150

Sepulchral grotto at Aurignac, 182

Sequoia, in Disco Island, 237

Serapis, temple of, 45

Shell-mounds, Danish, 11

Shoeburyness fluvio-marine formation, 129

Sicily, cold period in, 323

Sicilian ossiferous caves, 174

Silver pits off the Humber, 277

Skull in Engis cave 79, and (fig. 2) 81

— of Borreby (fig. 5), 80

— — Neanderthal (fig. 3), 82, (fig. 4), 83

Skulls at Carnon, 56

— at Pertuan, 56

— of stone period, 15

Smith, Dr. Andrew, 179

— J., of Jordanhill, 55

Solenhofen, fossil bird found in stone of, 451

Somme valley, 93, 106

— — flint tools of, 112

— — section of, 122

Species, extinction of, 393

— and race, 389

Spirifer trigonalis, 427

Sponges from St. Acheul, 119

Spontaneous generation, 391

Spratt, Cuptain, on cave in Malta, 438

— — on change of level in Crete, 178

Spring, Dr., 80

Squier and Davis, 39

Stalactite, Liebig on, 71

Stalactites in caves, 71

Staring's geological map of Holland, 147

Steenstrup on age of peat, 17

— — fossils in peat, 9

— — Icelandic fossil plants, 238

Stereognathus ooliticus, 401

Stockaded islands in Ireland, 30

Stone, age of, 10

— and bronze, ages of, 369

Stonesfield oolite, fossil mammalia of, 401

Strathmore, 246

Stuttgart, fossil mammifer of trias at, 401

Striated glacial pebbles and blocks, 304

Submergence of land, 376, 378

— — — in glacial period, 276, 278, 285

— — North Wales, 267

— — Scotland, 243

— — Wales, 285

Subsidence of British Isles, 278

— — land, 288

Successive changes, time required for, 284

Suffolk tertiaries or crags, 208

Sumner's, Records of Creation, 481, 496

Sunderbunds, 374

Superficial traces of glaciers and icebergs, 230

Sussex erratics, 281

Sus scrofa palustris, 25

Swedish raised beaches, 57

Swiss extinct glaciers, 290

— lake dwellings, 17, 373

Systems of classification, 473

Syria, cold period in, 323

 

TABULAR view of strata, 7

Taxodium distichum, 43

Tay, estuary of, 54

Tertiary strata, classification of, 3

Thames alluvium, 154

— valley, fluviatile deposits of, 159

Thebes, 381

— antiquity of, 382

Theory of progression, 395, 397, 398, 404

— — — objections to, 404, 472

Thothmes, Egyptian King, 37

Tiedemann on negro's brain, 481

— — brain of ape, 489

Till in Norfolk, 219

Time required for changes of glacial period, 284

Tinière, cone of, 321

Tiniére, Morlot on, 27

Torquay, caves near, 96

Torquay, elephas primigenius at, 371

Tournal, M., 59

Transmutation theory, 424, 471

— arguments for and against, 446

Trias of Austrian Alps, 449

— — Stuttgart, 401

Trimmer on Moel Tryfane, 267

Trimmer's maps of glacial period, 273, 162

Troyon on lake habitations, 20

 

UDDEVALLA, 57

Unger on Atlantic continent, 440

— — miocene plants, 432

Unio littoralis (fig. 22), 158

Unity of origin of man, 387

— — races, 386

— — species, Quatrefages on, 495

Upheaval and subsidence, causes of, 288

— in Scotland, 47

— — Wales, 282

— of land at North Cape, 58

— — — rate of 58, 178

Upsala erratics, 240

Ursus arctos, 22, 109

— spelæus, 101

Utznach near Zurich, lignite of, 314

 

VANESSA atalanta, 434

Variation, 407, 414

Varieties, incipient species, 416

Variation and natural selection, 469

— wide range of, 429

Vedas, 46

Vegetable kingdom, mutability in, 418

Vegetation, changes of, in, human period, 16, 372

Venetz on Alpine glaciers, 291

Vertebrata in Danish mounds, 14

— in lake dwellings, 23

— unknown in oldest rocks, 403

Vestiges of creation, 407

Vibraye, Marquis de, 151

Volcanic action in Central France, 198

Vrolik, on anatomy of quadrumana, 481, 486

 

WALES, extinct glaciers in, 265

— submergence of, 285

— upheaval in, 282

Wall of Antonine. 51

Wallace, Mr. Alfred, 408, 419

— — — on transmutation, 411

Wallich, Dr., on alluvium of Ganges, 337

— — — starfish at great depth, 268

Wangen, Lake of Constance, 20

Welsh glacial drift, 366

Wexford drift, 271

Whale at Dunmore, 53

— fossil, Airthrie, 53

Whales at Bacton, 217

Whitaker, Mr. W., cited, 278

Wicklow mountain, drifts of, 271

Williamson, Mr., on Wokey hole, 171

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 35

Wokey Hole, 170

Wollaston, T. V., on insects, 435

Wood, Lieut.-Col., 172

— Mr. Searles, his monograph of crag shells, 209

Woodward, Mr. S. P., on crag fossils, 209

Words, new ones introduced, 462

Works of art in post-pliocene alluvium, 150

Wyatt, Mr. Digby, on Irish lake dwellings, 30

— Mr. James, on flint tools near Bedford, 163

Wylie on lake habitations, 18

 

YVERDUN, 28

 

ZOSTERA marina in mounds, 16

Zurich, lake of, 314

— — — pile dwellings in, 18

 

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