History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana/Washington/Chapter 3

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The counties of Sawamish,^[2] Whatcom,^[3] Clallam, Chehalis, Cowlitz, Wahkiakum, Skamania, and Walla Walla^[4] were created, the latter with the county seat "on the land claim of Lloyd Brooks," now the site of the city of Walla Walla. The county seat of Clarke county was fixed at Vancouver^[5], "on the east side of Mrs Esther Short's land claim," and by the same act Mrs Short's dwelling was made the legal place of holding courts until suitable buildings should be erected by the county.^^ The county seat of Che-

name occurred about 1851 or 1852, but I fail to find any mention of it. I think it was done on the motion of the first postmaster at that place, R. H. Lansdale, who had the post-office called Columbia City. The name, how- ever, w^ould not pass in the face of long usage, and the Washington legisla- ture at its second session changed it to Vancouver. The commissioners appointed for Clarke county by the first territorial legislature were William Dillon, 0. C. Stiles, and Mr Fairchilds; sheriff, George W. Hart; judge of probate, Henry Gullifer; auditor, William Ryan; treasurer, Henry Burlin- game; justices of the peace, Solomon Strong, Michael Tubbs; coroner, William M. Simmons; assessor, Henry C. Morse; constable for Vancouver precinct, Moses Kirkham, for Cathlapootle precinct, C. C. Bogarth, for Washougal precinct, Berry Paten.

1^ Officers were appointed for all the counties already in existence, as well as the new ones, and as the list furnishes a guide to the distribution of the pop- ulation, they are here given. Skamania county commissioners, S. M. Hamil- ton, Joseph Robbins, Jacob W. Scroder; sheriff, E. F. McNoll; judge of probate, Cornelius Salmer; treasurer, J. H. Bush; auditor, George W. Johnson; justices of the peace, N. H. Gales, B. B. Bishop, and Lloyd Brooke.

Cowlitz county commissioners, Thomas Lowe, A. A. Abernethy, Seylor Rue; justice of the peace for Monticello precinct, Nathaniel Stone; constable, R. C. Smith; judge of probate, Nathaniel Ostrander; auditor, Charles Hol- man; treasurer, Alexander Crawford; sherifi", James Huntington; assessor, Benjamin Huntington; justice of the peace for Oak Point precinct, W. H. Harris; constable, F. A. Smith.

Wahkiakum county commissioners, James Birnie, Thompson Dray, Aus- tin Nye; auditor, Newell Bearfs; treasurer, James Birnie, Jr; sheriff, Wil- liam Stilwell; judge of probate and justice of the peace, Solomon Stilwell.

Pacific county commissioners, George T. Eastabrook, P. J. McEwen, Daniel Wilson; judge of probate, George P. Newell; justice of the peace, Ezra Wes- ton; constable, William Edwards.

Lewis county commissioners, Henry R. Stillman, Thomas Metcalf, J. C. Davis; judge of probate, James Gardiner; auditor, Horace H. Pints; jus- tices of the peace, Charles F. White, 0. Small, N. Stearns, F. Delin; con- stables, Baptiste Bone, William C. Many; sheriff, J. L. Mitchell; auditor, Martin Budson; treasurer, C. C. Pagett; coroner, George B. Roberts; super- intendent of common schools, A. B. Dillenbaugh.

Thurston county commissioners, Sidney S. Ford, Sen., David J. Chambers, James McAllister; auditor, Urban E. Hicks; sheriff, Franklin Kennedy; assessor, Whitfield Kirtley; judge of probate, Stephen D. Ruddell; treasurer, Daniel R. Bigelow; justices of the peace, Nathan Eaton, Joseph Broshears, W. Plumb; superintendent of schools, Elwood Evans; constable for Olym- pia precinct, Franklin Kennedy.

Chehalis county commissioners, George Watkins, John Vail, John Brady; auditor, A. 0. Houston; treasurer, D. K. Weldon; judge of probate, James H. Roundtree; sheriff, M. A. Fairfield; justices of the peace, William M. Bullard, C. L. Russell, I. L. Scaramon.

Pierce county commissioners, William P. Dougherty, L. A. Smith, William N. Savage; treasurer, H. C. Perkins; sheriff, C. Dunham; assessor, Hugh Patterson; coroner, Anthony Laughlin; justices of the peace, H. M. Frost, George Brown, Samuel McCaw; auditor, G. Bowlin; judge of probate, H. C. Moseley; constables, William McLucas, William Sherwood.

King county commissioners, Thomas Mercer, G. W. W. Loomis, L. M. Collins; judge of probate, William A. Strickler; sheriff, C. D. Boren; auditor, halls county was fixed temporarily "at the house of D. K. Weldon;" of Cowlitz, at Monticello; and of Skamania, at the "south-east corner of the land claim of F. A. Chenoweth."

Olympia was fixed upon as the temporary seat of government, the judicial districts were defined, and the judges assigned to them as follows: the first dis- trict comprised Walla Walla, Skamania, Clarke, Cow- litz, Wahkiakum, and Pacific counties, Judge McFad- den; second district, Lewis, Chehalis, Thurston, and Sawamish counties. Judge Monroe; third district. Pierce, King, Island, Clallam, Jefferson, and What- com, Judge Lander. At the second session of the legislature Lander was assigned to the second district, and the judge of that district to the third, which brought the chief justice to the more central portion of the territory. In their districts the judges were required to reside, and to hold two terms of the dis- trict court annually in each county, except in those which were attached to some other for judicial pur- poses, like Walla Walla, which was attached to Skamania, and Chehalis to Thurston.

The first federal court held in Washington after the organization of the territory was by the proclama- tion of the governor on the 2d day of January, 1854, at Cowlitz landing, by Judge Monroe, who in May held regular terms in all the counties of his district according to the act of the legislature, and to the

H. L. Yesler; treasurer, William P. Smith; superintendent of schools, Henry A. Smith; assessor, John C. Holgate; justices of the peace, John A. Chase, S. L. Grow, S. W. Russell; constables, B. L. Johns, S. B. Simmons, James N. Roberts.

Jefferson county commissioners, J. P. Keller, William Dunn, F. W. Pet- tygrove; treasurer, J. K. Thomdyke; sheriff, W. T. Sayward; judge of pro- bate, L. B. Hastings; auditor, A. A. Plummer; justices of the peace, J. P. Kel- ler, William Webster, F. W. Pettygrove, J. K. Thorndyke; assessor, J. Clinger.

Clallam county commissioners, E. H. McAlmond, E. Price, Daniel F. Brownfield; sheriff, Charles Bradshaw; justice of the peace, G. H. Gerrish; assessor, J. C. Brown; treasurer, Mr Fitzgerald; judge of probate, John Margrave; auditor, G. B. Moore.

Island county commissioners, John Alexander, John Crockett, Ira B. Powers; sheriff, Hugh Crockett; auditor, R. H. Lausdale; assessor, Hum- phry Hill. satisfaction of the people. Yet in October he was removed, upon the false representation of some per- sons unknown that he had absented himself from the territory.-^^ F. A. Chenoweth was appointed in his place, and was present as the judge of the 2d judicial district at the meeting of the supreme court in Olym- pia in December,^^ the bench now containing but one of the original appointees for Washington, Lander, the chief justice.^^

There was none of that romantic attempt at creating something out of nothing in the first acts of the Wash- ington legislature which invested with so much inter- est the beginnings of government in Oregon, for the legislators had at the outset the aid of United States judges and men familiar with law, besides having the government at their back to defray all necessary ex- penses. There is therefore nothing to relate concern- ing their acts, except in instances already pointed out in the message of Governor Stevens, where certain local interests demanded peculiar measures or called for the aid of congress.

The most important matter to which the attention

^^Olympia Pioneer and Dem., Oct. 21, 1854. Monroe died at Olympia Sept. 15, 1856, aged 40 years. He was buried on the point on Budd Inlet near the capitol at Olympia, but 15 years afterward the remains were reinterred in the masonic cemetery. Olympia Transcript, March 13, 1869.

2"/d, Dec. 9, 1854.

2^ Edward Lander was a native of Salem, Mass. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1836, and soon after entered the law school at Cambridge. His first law practice was in Essex co., but in 1841 he removed to Ind., where he was soon appointed prosecuting attorney for several counties, and subsequently judge of the court of common pleas of the state. His habits were said to be correct, his manners dignified and polished, and his legal and literary attainments of a high order. Boston Times, in Olympia Pioneer and Dem., Jan. 7, 1854. For McFadden's antecedents, see Hist. Or., ii., chap, xi., this series. He died of heart disease, at the age of 58 years, at the residence of his son-in-law, W. W. Miller of Olympia, in June 1875, after a residence of 22 years in the territory, during which he was a member of the legislature and delegate to congress. Spirit of the West, June 26, 1875; Olympia Transcript, July 3, 1875; V. S. House Jour., 43d cong, 1st sess., 13. F. A. Chenoweth was born in 1819, in Franklin co., Ohio, and admitted to the practice of law in Wisconsin at the age of 22 years. He came to Or. in 1849, and settled on the north side of the river near the Cascades, being elected to the legislature from Lewis and Clarke counties in 1852. In 1863 he removed to Corvallis, where he was again elected to the Or. legislature, and to the presidency of the Willamette Valley and Coast railroad. Portland West Shore, July 1877. of the national legislature was called was a change in the land law, to effect which congress was memorialized to grant them a surveyor-general of their own, and a land system "separate from, and wholly disconnected with, that of Oregon territory."^^

By comparing the demands with the memorials of the Oregon legislature from time to time, it will be perceived that the earth hunger was not all confined to the people south of the Columbia. And by reference to my History of Oregon, the reader may learn to what extent congress responded to the demands of

22 The amendments petitioned for were: . To be relieved from the prohibition preventing the liolders of donation certificates from selling any portion of their claims before they received a patent; their certificates to be prima facie evidence of title. (Suggestions were given as to the manner of establish- ing a claim by witnesses before the surveyor-general. 2. That persons enti- tled to a donation should be permitted to take irregular fractions of land. 3. That town proprietors should be authorized to convey lots by valid deeds, the same as if a patent had been issued. 4. That when either parent of a child or children should have died upon the road to Washington, the survivor should be entitled to as nmch land as both together would have been entitled to; provided the land taken in the name of the deceased should be held in trust for the children. Or when either parent should have started for or arrived in the territory, and the other, though not yet started, should die, having a child or children, the surviving parent should be entitled, by com- plying with the provisions of the law, to the full amount that both parents and such child or children would have been entitled to had they all arrived in the territory. Or that when both parents should die after having begun their journey to Washington, or before locating a claim, having a child or children, such child or children should, by guardian, be entitled to locate as much land as both parents would have taken under the law had they lived. 5. That widows immigrating to and settling in the territory should be allowed to take the same amount of land as unmarried men, by compliance with the law. 6. That all persons who should have located claims under the provis- ions of the donation law prior to the 1st of Jan., 1852, should be entitled to their patents as soon as the land should have been surveyed, and they have obtained a certificate from the surveyor-general. And that all persons who should have located claims subsequent to the 1st day of Jan., 1852, should be entitled to patents by residing thereon for the term of two years, or by hav- ing made improvements to the amount of four hundred dollars; provided, that the removal of timber from the public lands without intention to reside thereon should be regarded as trespass; the improvements to be estimated by the increased value of the lands by clearing, cultivating, fencing, and building. 7. That all American citizens, or those who had declared their intention to become such, including American half-breeds, on arriving at the age of twen- ty-one, should be entitled to the benefit of the donation act. 8. That the provisions of the law be extended to an indefinite period. 9. That each sin- gle person should be entitled to receive 160 acres, and a man and wife double that amount; provided, that the estate of the wife should be sole and sepa- rate, and not alienable for the debts or liabilities of the husband. 10. That all persons who had failed or neglected to take claims within the time pre- scribed by law should be permitted to take claims as if they had but just arrived in the country. Wash. Jour. Council, 1854, 179-81. Hist. Wash. — 6 both legislatures in the matter of amount of bounty and limit of time.^^ A surveyor-general and register and receiver were given to Washington; in no other wise was a separate land system granted; but the new territory was entitled to the same privileges with Ore- gon, no more or different.^*

^^Hisf. Or., ii., chap, x., this series. The points gained by an act of con- gress passed July 17, 1854, were the withdrawal of town sites from the pro- visions of the donation act, and subjecting them to the operation of the act of May 23, 1844, * for the relief of citizens of towns upon lands of the United States, under certain circumstances,' and the reduction of the time of occu- pancy before purchase to one year; the repeal of that portion of the land law which made void contracts for the sale of land before patent issued, proxided that sales should not be valid unless the vendor should have resided four years upon the land; the extension of the preemption privilege to Oregon and Washington; the extension of the donation privilege to 1855; the grant of two townships of land for university purposes; the donation of 160 acres of land to orphans whose parents, had they lived, would have been entitled to a donation; and the appointment of a register and receiver for each of the two territories. Wash. Ter. Statutes, 1854, 53-5.

2* The subject of amended land laws for their territory was not permitted to drop with this attempt. When the privileges of the old donation act ex- pired in 1855, a petition signed by 200 settlers was presented to congress, asking that the clause in that act which required them to reside for 4 years consecutively on their claims before receiving a certificate should be ex- punged, and that they be allowed to purchase them at the rate of |1.25 an acre, counting the value of their improvements as payment; the amount of labor bestowed being taken as evidence of an intention to remain a permanent settler. Objmpia Pioneer and Dem., Aug. 19, 1855. No change was made as therein requested. Tilton, the surveyor-general appointed for Washington, was directed to join with the surveyor-general of Oregon in starting the sur- vey of his territory, carrying out the work as already begun, and using it as a basis for organizing the Washington surveys in that part of the country where the settlers most required a survey. U. S. H. Ex. Doc, vol. i., pt i., 33d cong. 1st sess. In his first report, Sept. 20, 1855, Tilton asked for increased com- pensation per mile for contractors, owing to the difficulty of surveying in Washington, where one enormous forest was found growing amidst the decay- ing ruins of another, centuries old, in consequence of which horses could not be used, and provisions had to be packed upon the backs of men, at a great cost. Id., vol. i., pt i., 292, 34th cong. 1st ses^.

W. W. De Lacy ran the standard meridian from Vancouver through to the northern boundary of Washington. The Willamette meridian fell in the water nearly the whole length of the Sound, compelling him to make re- peated ofisets to the east. One of these ofi'sets was run on the line between range 5 and 6 east of the Willamette meridian, which line runs through the western part of Snohomish City. After the close of the Indian war, De Lacy ran and blazed out the line of the military road from Steilacoom to Bellingham Bay, with the assistance of only one Indian, Pirns, who afterward murdered a settler on the Snohomish River, named Carter, il/orsf'.s Wash. Ter., MS., xx. 36-7. The total amount surveyed imder the Oregon office was 1,876 miles, the amount surveyed under Tilton previous to Dec. 1855, 3,063 miles, and the quantity proposed to be surveyed in the next 2 years, 5,688 miles, all west of the Cascade Range. The Indian wars, however, stopped work for about that length of time. It was difficult to find deputies who would undertake the work, on account of Indian hostilities, even after the war was declared at an end. Deputy Surveyor Dorainick Hunt was murdered on

Next in importance was a memorial relative to the extinguishment of the Indian title, congress being urged to make provisions for the immediate pur- chase of the lands occupied by the natives; and this request was granted, as I shall soon proceed to show. Congress was also asked to change the organic act of the territory, which apportioned the legislature by the number of qualified voters, so as to make the appor- tionment by the number of inhabitants, which was not allowed. Not less important than either of these was a memorial concerning the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, and the difference of opinion existing be- tween the company and the citizens of Washington in relation to the rights of the association under the treaty of 1846. The memorial set forth that the then present moment was an auspicious one for the extinc- tion of their title, and gave as a reason that ^^build- ings, once valuable, from long use are now measurably worthless; and lands once fertile, which paid the tiller of the soil, are now become destitute of any fertilizing qualities; that said farms are now less valuable than the same amount of lands in a state of nature;" and congress was entreated to save the country from this

Whidbey Island in the latter part of July 1858. Olympia Pioneer and Dem., Aug 6, 1858; Land-office Bepty 1858. The held of operations in 1858 was on Shoalwater Bay, Gray Harbor, Whidbey Island, and the southern coast of the Fuca strait. As there was but one land-office in the territory, and that one situated at Olympia, the land commissioner, at the request of the territo- rial legislature, recommended the formation of three new districts. No action was taken, and in 1858 the legislature passed another resolution asking for three additional land districts, one to be called Columbia River Land Dis- trict. The commissioner again made his former recommendation, the house committee on lands recommending two new districts. IT. S. Misc. Doc, 130, vol. ii., 34th cong. 1st sess.; Id., doc. 114; fd., doc. 30, vol. i., 35th cong. 2d sess.; U. S. If. Com. Rept, 376, vol. iii., 35th cong. 1st sess. On the 16th of May, 1860, congress passed an act to 'create an additional land district in Washington territory,' but provided no appropriation for carrying out its purpose until the following year, when the office at Vancouver was established. In 1857 a bill was brought before the house of representatives to extend the public surveys east of the Cascade Mountains. The senate referred the mat- ter to the secretary of the interior, who declared there was no necessity for the bill, and that it would render emigration overland dangerous by exciting the Indians. U. S. >Sen. Misc., 28, 34th cong. 3d sess. It was not until the close of the Indian war east of the mountains in 1858 that the land laws were extended to that region. In 1862 the legislature memorialized con- gress for a land-office at Walla Walla, which was established. Wash. Stat., 1861-2, 139. deterioration.^'^ The memorial also stated that at the period of the ratification of the treaty the amount of land enclosed by the Puget Sound Company at Cow- litz and Nisqually did not exceed 2,000 acres, yet that the company claimed 227 square miles, or in other words, all the land over which their herds of wild stock occasionally roamed, or to which they were from time to time removed for change of pasture. The Ameri- cans held that the treaty confirmed only the lands en- closed by fences. They had settled upon and improved the unenclosed lands in many instances; yet they had received written notices from the agents of the com- pany commanding them to vacate their homes or be served w^th writs of ejectment and trespass; for w^iich causes congress was petitioned to take steps to ascer- tain the rights of the company, and to purchase them.^^

A joint resolution was also passed instructing the deleQ:ate to cono^ress to use his influence with the ad- ministration to effect a settlement of the disputed boundary between the United States and Great Brit- ain, involving the right to the islands of the archipel- ago of Haro, the matter being afterward known as the San Juan question, and to take some steps to remove the foreign trespassers from the islands — a res- olution suggested, as we already know, by the message of Governor Stevens.^^

2^ This remarkable statement is corroborated by subseqiient writers, who account for the impoverishment of the soil by the substratum of gravel, which, when the sod was disturbed, allowed the rains to wash down, as through a filter, the component parts of the soil. For the same reason, the cattle-ranges, from being continually trampled in wet weather, received no benefit from the dung of the animals, and deteriorated as stated above. On the plains between the Nisqually and Puyallup rivers, where once the grass grew as tall as a man on horseback, the appearance of the country was later one of sterility.

2"^ Wash. Jour. Council, 1854, 183-5. Two other memorials were passed at this session; one asking that the claim of Lafayette Baioh for the expense incurred in rescuing the Georgiana's passengers from Queen Charlotte Island be paid, and one praying congress to confirm the land claim of George Bush, colored, to him and his heirs. Id., 185-8. As to the first, congress had already legislated on that subject. Cong. Globe, xxx. 125.

^^ The other joint resolutions passed related to the establishment of a mail service, by the way of Puget Sound, between Olympia and other points in Washington to San Francisco, New York, and New Orleans; to appropriations for territorial and military roads; to light-houses at Cape Flattery, on Blunt's Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/117 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/118 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/119 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/120 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/121 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/122 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/123 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/124 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/125 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/126 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/127 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/128 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/129 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/130 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/131 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/132 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/133 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/134 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/135 Page:History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana.djvu/136 that ever occurred in my whole Indian experience," because he would not promise the Indians that the United States troops should not cross to the north side of the Snake River. "Of course," says Father Joset, "the governor could not promise such a thing. He made several promises, but he evaded that question."^[6]

But when the Indians had heard a complete refutation of the tales told them by the agents of Kamiakin, and been assured of protection so long as they remained friendly, they took heart and appeared satisfied; and Stevens conquered, as he had at the Walla Walla council, by force of personal will as well as argument, the chiefs ending by consulting him on all points as if he had been their father, and confiding to him all their vexations and anxieties.

But there was another danger to be encountered. The Spokanes insisted that the Nez Perces were hostile, though Stevens had hitherto had entire confidence in their good faith. Being put upon his guard when he was rejoined by the party from the Blackfoot council under Looking Glass, he set his interpreter to spy upon this chief, who was at length overheard explaining to a Spokane chief a plan to entrap the treaty-maker when he should arrive in the Nez Perce country, and advising the Spokanes to a similar course. Says Stevens: "I never communicated to Looking Glass my knowledge of his plans, but knowing them, I knew how to meet them in council. I also knew how to meet them in his own country, and it gave me no difficulty."^[7]

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1. Strong's Hist. Or., MS., 62. J. W. Wiley of the Pioneer and Democrat, a new name for the Columbian, was elected territorial printer by the legislature, but A. M. Berry, Wiley's partner, was appointed to superintend the printing of the laws in the east. He died of malignant small-pox soon after reaching his home in Greenland, N. H., at the age of 29 years, and the laws were not in readiness for the next legislature. Alfred Metcalf Berry came to the Pacific coast in 1849, and to Or. in 1850 for his health. In Dec. 1853 he formed a partnership with Wiley, and the name of Columbian being no longer significant, the publishers changed it to Washington Pioneer. In Jan. 1854 R. L. Doyle brought a press and material to Olympia, with the intention of starting a new paper to be called the Northwest Democrat, but finally consolidated with the Pioneer, which then became the Pioneer and Democrat. See Wash. Pioneer, Jan. 28, 1854. Soon after the death of Berry, George B. Goudy, another young man, became associated with Wiley as publisher, the firm being Wiley, Goudy, & Doyle, but Doyle retired before the end of the year (1855), and only Wiley and Goudy remained, Wiley being editor. Goudy was elected territorial printer Jan. 27 1855, the Pioneer and Democrat remaining the official paper of the territory until a republican administration in 1861. He was a native of Indianapolis, Ind., and born in 1828. He came to Or. in 1849, and for a year had charge of the publication of the Spectator. He married Elizabeth Morgan of Lafayette, Or., in Sept. 1854, and removed to Olympia early in 1855. His connection with the Pioneer and Democrat ceased in Aug, 1856. He died Sept. 19, 1857, leaving a wife and child. E. Furste succeeded Goudy as publisher of the Pioneer and Democrat. In May 1858 Wiley retired, leaving Furste publisher and editor. Wiley died March 30, 1860, at the age of 40, the victim of intemperate drinking. He was born in Ohio, was possessed of brilliant talents, and impressed his mind and energy upon the history of his adopted country, but fell by a power mightier than himself. Pioneer and Dem., March 30, 1860. In November 1860 Furste sold the paper to James Lodge, who found the change in public sentiment against the democratic antecedents of this journal, which lost precedence, and was discontinued not long after. Historically, the Pioneer and Democrat is of more importance than any other journal or journals.
2. Sawamish county, first organized March 13, 1854, had its name changed to Mason Jan. 3, 1864, in honor of Charles H. Mason, first secretary of the territory. The county officers appointed on its organization were: commissioners, Wesley Gosnell, Charles Graham, Lee Hancock; sheriff, Finis K. Simmons; judge of probate, Alfred Hall; auditor, V. P. Morrow; treasurer, Orrington Cushman; justice of the peace, Aaron M. Collins. Olympia Pioneer and Dem., May 27, 1854.
3. Commissioners appointed for Whatcom county were William Cullen, H. C. Page, R. V. Peabody; sheriff, Ellis Barnes; auditor, A. M. Poe.
4. Commissioners appointed for Walla Walla were George C. Bamford, John Owen, Dominique Pambrun; sheriff, Narcisse Raymond; judge of probate and justice of the peace, Lloyd Brooke.
5. Vancouver is called Columbia City in the act. This patriotic change of
6. I was so fortunate as to secure, through the industry of Mrs Rowena Nichols of Whitman county, Washington, a copy of some of Josefs writings, in which is a pretty full account of this council of Stevens with the Spokanes and others. It is contained in a manuscript by Mrs Nichols, called Indian Affairs in Oregon.
7. Pac. R. K. Rept, xii. 225. This incident shows that Looking Glass was no more sincere in signing the treaty of Walla Walla than was Kamiakin or Peupeumoxmox. Father Joset says that somebody having told the Indians that it was for their interest to make a treaty, 'as the whites would have their lands anyway,' they agreed to make a mock treaty in order to gain time and prepare for war. Nichols' Ind. Aff., MS., 3.