Index:Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes.pdf

Title	Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes
Author	NIOSH
Year	2011
Publisher	NIOSH
Source	pdf
Progress	Proofread—All pages of the work proper are proofread, but not all are validated
Transclusion	Fully transcluded

Pages (key to Page Status)

cover i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Contents

1. Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   iii

2. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   iv

3. List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   x

4. List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xi

5. List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xii

6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xiv

7. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

8. 1. 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

      1

9. 1. 1.2 Industry Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

      3

10. 1. 1.3 Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       3

11. 1. 1.3.1 Prevention through Design (PtD) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       6

12. 1. 1.3.2 OELs as Applied to Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       7

13. 1. 1.3.3 Control Banding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       7

14. 2 Exposure Control Strategies and the Hierarchy of Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    9

15. 1. 2.1 Elimination ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       9

16. 1. 2.2 Substitution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       10

17. 1. 2.3 Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       10

18. 1. 2.3.1 Ventilation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       11

19. 1. 2.3.1.1 Local Exhaust Ventilation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       12

20. 1. 2.3.1.2 Air Filtration ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       14

21. 1. 2.3.2 Nonventilation Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       16

22. 1. 2.4 Administrative Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       17

23. 1. 2.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

24. 1. 2.5.1 Skin Protection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

25. 1. 2.5.2 Respiratory Protection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

26. 3 Nanotechnology Processes and Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    21

27. 1. 3.1 Primary Nanotechnology Production and Downstream Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       21

28. 1. 3.2 Engineering Control Approaches to Reducing Exposures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       22

29. 1. 3.3 Ventilation and General Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       24

30. 1. 3.4 Exposure Control Technologies for Common Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       25

31. 1. 3.4.1 Reactor Operation and Cleanout Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       27

32. 1. 3.4.2 Small-scale Weighing and Handling of Nanopowders ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       30

33. 1. 3.4.2.1 Fume Hood Enclosures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       31

34. 1. 3.4.2.2 Biological Safety Cabinets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       33

35. 1. 3.4.2.3 Glove Box Isolators ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       34

36. 1. 3.4.2.4 Air Curtain Fume Hood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       35

37. 1. 3.4.2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       36

38. 1. 3.4.3 Intermediate and Finishing Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       37

39. 1. 3.4.3.1 Product Discharge/Bag Filling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       38

40. 1. 3.4.3.2 Bag Dumping/Emptying ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       41

41. 1. 3.4.3.3 Large-scale Material Handling/Packaging ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       43

42. 1. 3.4.3.4 Nanocomposite Machining ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       44

43. 1. 3.4.3.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       44

44. 1. 3.4.4 Maintenance Tasks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       45

45. 1. 3.4.4.1 Filter Change-out—Bag In/Bag Out Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       46

46. 1. 3.4.4.2 Spill Cleanup Procedures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       46

47. 4 Control Evaluations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    47

48. 1. 4.1 Approaches to Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       47

49. 1. 4.1.1 Identification of Emission Sources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       47

50. 1. 4.1.2 Background and Area Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       47

51. 1. 4.1.3 Air Monitoring and Filter Sampling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       48

52. 1. 4.1.4 Assessment of Air Velocities and Patterns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       50

53. 1. 4.1.5 Facility Sampling and Evaluation Checklist ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       52

54. ⁠4.2 Evaluating Sources of Emissions and Exposures to Nanomaterials ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    57

55. 1. 4.2.1 Direct-reading Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       57

56. ⁠4.2.2 Off-line Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

57. ⁠4.2.3 Video Exposure Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

58. ⁠4.3 Evaluating Ventilation Control Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    59

59. ⁠4.3.1 Standard Containment Test Methods for Ventilated Enclosures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    59

60. 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

61. ⁠5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

62. ⁠5.2 Control Banding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

63. ⁠5.3 Hierarchy of Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

64. ⁠5.4 Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

65. ⁠5.5 Administrative Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

66. ⁠5.6 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    63

67. References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

68. Appendix A: Sources for Risk Management Guidance ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    75

69. Appendix B: Sources of Guidance for Control Design ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77