Index:Essays on the active powers of the human mind; An inquiry into the human mind on the principles of common sense; and An essay on quantity.djvu

Title Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind; An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense; and An Essay on Quantity
Author Thomas Reid
Year 1843
Publisher Thomas Tegg
Location London
Source djvu
Progress To be proofread
Transclusion Index not transcluded or unreviewed
Pages (key to Page Status)
- - - - - - - - i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 - - - - - - - - -

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.


ESSAYS ON THE ACTIVE POWERS OF THE MIND.


  1. Page
  2. Life of Dr. Reid
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    1

  3. Introduction
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77

  4. ESSAY I.

    OF ACTIVE POWER IN GENERAL.
    CHAPTER I

  5. OF THE NOTION OF ACTIVE POWER
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    79
  6. Sec. 1. An explanation of the meaning of "active power" necessary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  7. 2. The Aristotelian definition of motion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  8. 3. Of our conception of active power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    80
  9. 4. Power not an object of consciousness
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  10. But a relative conception
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  11. 6. There are some things of which we can have both a direct and a relative conception
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    82
  12. 7. Our conception of power is relative to its exertions or effects
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    83
  13. 8. Our idea of power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  14. CHAPTER II.
  15. THE SAME SUBJECT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  16. Sec. 1. Distinction of "action and passion" coeval with the origin of languages
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  17. 2. Objection
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  18. 6. Active verbs appear plainly to have been first contrived to express action
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    88
  19. CHAPTER III.
  20. of mr. locke's account of our idea of power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  21. 2. Objections to Mr. Locke's origin of our idea of power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  22. CHAPTER IV.
  23. of mr. hume's opinion of the idea of power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    93
  24. Sec. 1. Induction, by which Mr. Hume attempts to explain the origin of our simple ideas, imperfect
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  25. 4. Of the two principles which Hume opposes to Locke
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    96
  26. Chapter V.
  27. WHETHER BEINGS THAT HAVE NO WILL NOR UNDERSTANDING MAY HAVE ACTIVE POWER?
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    97
  28. Sec. 1. The question perplexed by the ambiguity of certain terms
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  29. 4. Volition necessary to the operation of power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    99
  30. 6. Our conception of active power relative
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    101
  31. CHAPTER VI.
  32. OF THE EFFICIENT CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENA OF NATURE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  33. Sec. 1. Of powers ascribed to matter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  34. CHAPTER VII.
  35. OF THE EXTENT OF HUMAN POWER.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    107
  36. Sec. 1. Power an attribute of accountable beings
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  37. 8. Human power entirely dependent upon God and the laws of nature
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    113

  38. ESSAY II.

    OF THE WILL.
    CHAPTER I.

  39. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE WILL
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    114
  40. Sec. 1. Volition and will different
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    114
  41. 2. The term will, how used
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  42. 3. Its definition
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  43. 5. Of command, will, and desire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117
  44. CHAPTER II.
  45. OF THE INFLUENCE OF INCITEMENTS AND MOTIVES UPON THE WILL
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  46. Sec. 1. Instinct
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  47. 2. Judgment not necessary to instinct
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  48. 3. The exercise of judgment distinct from the impulse of appetite
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    121
  49. 4. Taste and judgment differ
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    122
  50. 5. Of passion and reason
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  51. CHAPTER III.
  52. OF OPERATIONS OF MIND WHICH MAY BE CALLED VOLUNTARY
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  53. Sec. 1. Of attention, deliberation, and resolution
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  54. 2. Of genius
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    127
  55. 3. Deliberation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    129
  56. 6. Resolution
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    131
  57. 7. The virtue and affection of benevolence different
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    132
  58. CHAPTER IV.
  59. COROLLARIES
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  60. Sec. 1. Of transient and momentary acts of the will
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.

  61. ESSAY III.

    OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    PART I.
    OF THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    CHAPTER I.

  62. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION IN GENERAL
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    138
  63. Sec. 1. Actions of men classified
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  64. 2. Knowledge of the principles of action important
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  65. 3. Difficulties attending an investigation of the principles of human actions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    139
  66. 4. Third cause of the difficulty of tracing the principles of action in man
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  67. CHAPTER II.
  68. OF INSTINCT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  69. Sec. 1. Of instinct in man
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  70. Sec. 2. Of instinct in inferior animals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143
  71. 3. Some human instincts transitory, others permanent
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    145
  72. 6. Fourth case in which instinct, probably, is requisite
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    147
  73. 7. Judgment and. belief influenced, to a certain extent, by instinct
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    148
  74. CHAPTER III.
  75. OF HABIT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    151
  76. Sec. 1. Vulgar definition of habit
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  77. 2. The art of speaking, the strongest illustration of the force of habit
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152
  78. PART II.

    OF ANIMAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    CHAPTER I.

  79. OF APPETITES
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    154
  80. Sec. 1. Definition of animal principles of action
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  81. 5. The principle of activity belongs to every period of life
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  82. 7. The government of appetites gives a superiority to man over brute animals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    159
  83. CHAPTER II.
  84. OF DESIRES
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    160
  85. Sec. 1. Distinction between appetites and desires twofold
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  86. 2. Of esteem and contempt
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  87. 5. Such natural desires not selfish principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    162
  88. 6. Our desires auxiliary to the maintenance of morals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  89. 9. Of acquired desires
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    165
  90. CHAPTER III.
  91. OF BENEVOLENT AFFECTION IN GENERAL
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    166
  92. Sec. 2. Objects of our desires and our affections different
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    167
  93. CHAPTER IV.
  94. OF THE PARTICULAR BENEVOLENT AFFECTIONS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    171
  95. Sec. 1. Of natural affection
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  96. 2. Duration of parental affection limited in inferior animals; not so in the human species
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    172
  97. 3. Parental affection the effect of our natural constitution
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    173
  98. 4. Further uses of parental affection
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  99. Sec. 11. Necessity for submitting public spirit to the control of reason and virtue, evident
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    179
  100. CHAPTER V.
  101. OF MALEVOLENT AFFECTION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    182
  102. Sec. 1. Of emulation and resentment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  103. 4. Effects of emulation in brute-animals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    185
  104. 5. Definition of resentment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  105. 7. Children and rude nations generally ascribe life and intelligence to inanimate things
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  106. 9. Agreements and disagreements between deliberate and mere animal resentment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    189
  107. CHAPTER VI.
  108. OF PASSION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    190
  109. Sec. 1. Passion, Disposition, Opinion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  110. 2. Definition of passion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    191
  111. 5. Hume's paradoxes generally reducible to abuses of words
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    193
  112. 6. Common division of the passions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  113. 7. Influence of passion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  114. CHAPTER VII.
  115. OF DISPOSITION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    198
  116. Sec. 3. The excellent consequences of good humour
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    199
  117. 5. Elation, magnanimity, a sense of honour and pride
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    200
  118. 6. Depression, humility, meanness
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  119. CHAPTER VIII.
  120. OF OPINION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    202
  121. Sec. 1. Influence of opinion upon our animal principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  122. 4. Analogy between the discipline of body and mind
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    203
  123. 5. Man actuated by no sense of duty, considered
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    204
  124. PART III.

    OF THE RATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    CHAPTER I.

  125. THERE ARE RATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION IN MAN
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    206
  126. Sec. 2. Hume's error as to one of the chief offices of reason
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    207
  127. CHAPTER II.
  128. OF REGARD TO OUR GOOD ON THE WHOLE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    208
  129. Sec. 1. Chief spring of our early actions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  130. 2. The conception of what is good or ill for us upon the whole, the offspring of reason
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  131. 4. Office of practical reason
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    211
  132. CHAPTER III.
  133. THE TENDENCY OF THIS PRINCIPLE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  134. Sec. 1. Question of the ancient moralists, "What is the greatest good ?"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  135. 2. Fallacy of the Epicurean doctrine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  136. 3. Doctrine of the Stoics not original
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    214
  137. 4. Recapitulation of what has been advanced relative to the rational principles of action
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    216
  138. CHAPTER IV.
  139. DEFECTS OF THIS PRINCIPLE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    217
  140. Sec. 1. The rational principle of action not the only regulator of human conduct
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  141. CHAPTER V.
  142. OF THE NOTION OF DOTY, RECTITUDE, MORAL OBLIGATION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    221
  143. Sec. 1. A sense of interest, or a sense of duty, or both, necessary to the social state
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  144. 2. Of a sense of duty only
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  145. 3. The notion of this principle invariable, its extent not so
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    223
  146. 4. Reality of moral distinctions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  147. 6. Moral obligation a relation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    225
  148. CHAPTER VI.
  149. OF THE SENSE OF DUTY
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    227
  150. Sec. 1. The moral sense,—the moral faculty,—conscience
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  151. 2. This analogy excusable
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  152. 3. Further shown
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    228
  153. 5. Universality of first principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    230
  154. 6. The first principles of morals are the immediate dictates of the moral faculty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    230
  155. 7. Recapitulation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    231
  156. CHAPTER VII.
  157. OF MORAL APPROBATION AND DISAPPROBATION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    231
  158. Sec. 1. Of affections and feelings included in our moral judgments
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    231
  159. 3. Moral disapprobation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    233
  160. 6. Social ties auxiliary to virtue, unfavourable to vice
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    235
  161. 7. Consequences of remorse
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  162. 8. Operations of the faculty called moral sense
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    236
  163. CHAPTER VIII.
  164. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING CONSCIENCE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    237
  165. Sec. 1. Our judgment of moral conduct advances from infancy by insensible degrees
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  166. 3. Scepticism twofold
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    238
  167. 8. The intention or end of our active powers obvious
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    241
  168. 9. Office of conscience
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    242
  169. 10. Stoical perfection ideal
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    243
  170. 12. Extravagance of Mysticism
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.

  171. ESSAY IV.
    ON THE LIBERTY OF MORAL AGENTS.
    CHAPTER I.

  172. THE NOTIONS OF MORAL LIBERTY AND NECESSITY STATED
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    246
  173. Sec. 1. Moral liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  174. 2. The voluntary actions of brutes, determined by the present predominant passion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    247
  175. 7. Three additional meanings of the word liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    249
  176. CHAPTER II.
  177. OF THE WORDS CAUSE AND EFFECT, ACTION, AND ACTIVE POWER
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    251
  178. Sec. 1. The use of ambiguous terms has impeded our reasonings about moral liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  179. 2. Active power
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    252
  180. 5. Recapitulation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    254
  181. CHAPTER III.
  182. CAUSES OF THE AMBIGUITY OF THOSE WORDS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    255
  183. Sec. 1. Premature conclusion as to objects indued with motion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  184. 6. A chief cause of the imperfection of language
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    257
  185. 8. Absurd theories of philosophers to explain causation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    259
  186. 9. Not mischievous
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  187. Sec. 10. Proof of a Deity on these principles presents no difficulty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    260
  188. CHAPTER IV.
  189. OF THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVES
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    261
  190. Sec. 6. Motives of the same kind may be compared
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    264
  191. 8. Animal test of the strength of motives
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    265
  192. 9. Rational motives defined
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    266
  193. 10. Rational test of the strength of motives
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  194. 14. The supposition of necessity precludes rewards and punishments—liberty gives efficacy to both
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    268
  195. CHAPTER V.
  196. LIBERTY CONSISTENT WITH GOVERNMENT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    269
  197. Sec. 1. Mechanical and moral government
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  198. 7. The moral government of God consistent with liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    273
  199. CHAPTER VI.
  200. FIRST ARGUMENT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    275
  201. Sec. 3. The belief of acting freely is coeval with our reason, universal, and necessary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    278
  202. 5. Exceptions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    279
  203. CHAPTER VII.
  204. SECOND ARGUMENT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    282
  205. Sec. 1. Certain first principles universally conceded
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  206. CHAPTER VIII.
  207. THIRD ARGUMENT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    286
  208. Sec. 2. Argument from analogy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    286
  209. 3. Its application
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    287
  210. 4. Objection and answer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  211. CHAPTER IX.
  212. OF ARGUMENTS FOR NECESSITY
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    289
  213. Sec. 1. Three classes of arguments against human liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  214. 2. Boast of Leibnitz
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  215. 3. Identity of indiscernibles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    290
  216. 4. Leibnitz' proof of the truth of his principle only a petitio principii
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  217. 5. Three meanings of the principle of "a sufficient reason" applied to the determinations of the will
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    291
  218. 6. The principle further examined
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  219. Sec. 9. Four consequences of this definition of a cause
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    294
  220. CHAPTER X.
  221. THE SAME SUBJECT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    297
  222. Sec. 2. Third class of arguments against human liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    298
  223. CHAPTER XI.
  224. OF THE PERMISSION OF EVIL
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    303
  225. Sec. 2. Scientia media
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  226. 3. Prescience of the Deity indisputable
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    304

  227. ESSAY V.

    OF MORALS.
    CHAPTER I

  228. OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MORALS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    312
  229. Sec. 1. First principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  230. 4. Another class of axioms in morals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    317
  231. 5. Conclusion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    319
  232. CHAPTER II.
  233. OF SYSTEMS OF MORALS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    319
  234. Sec. 1. Instruction in morals necessary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib
  235. 3. Necessity of instruction in morals shown from the evidence of history
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    321
  236. 6. Morals have been method- ized in different ways
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    322
  237. CHAPTER III.
  238. OF SYSTEMS OF NATURAL JURISPRUDENCE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    323
  239. Sec. 1. Jurisprudence and morals closely related
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  240. 5. True origin of systems of natural jurisprudence
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    326
  241. CHAPTER IV.
  242. WHETHER AN ACTION DESERVING MORAL APPROBATION, MUST BE DONE WITH THE BELIEF OF ITS BEING MORALLY GOOD
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    329
  243. Sec. 9. Conscience, or moral sense
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    337
  244. CHAPTER V.
  245. WHETHER JUSTICE BE A NATURAL OR AN ARTIFICIAL VIRTUE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    338
  246. Sec. 1. Hume consistent as a writer on morals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  247. 3. Hume agrees with the Epicureans in one respect
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    339
  248. 4. Disagrees in another
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    340
  249. 5. Effect of this doctrine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  250. 6. Natural and artificial virtues
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  251. 8. Esteem
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    341
  252. 9. The merit of justice, according to Hume
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    342
  253. 17. Six branches of justice
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    349
  254. 20. Mr. Hobbes' system
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    350
  255. 26. This argument would prove all social virtues to be artificial, as well as justice
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    357
  256. 28. Obvious defect in Mr. Hume's reasoning as to the standard of justice generally
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    358
  257. 29. Standard of justice among the ancients
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    359
  258. CHAPTER VI.
  259. OF THE NATURE AND OBLIGATION OF A CONTRACT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    361
  260. Sec. 1. Promise and contract different
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  261. 2. Definition of a contract
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    362
  262. 5. Contracts and promises have a foundation in nature
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    367
  263. 7. Natural tendency of Mr. Hume's principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    370
  264. 8. Mr. Hume's practice probably contradicted his principles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    371
  265. 10. Origin of the contradictions in Mr. Hume's arguments
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    374
  266. CHAPTER VII.
  267. THAT MORAL APPROBATION IMPLIES A REAL JUDGMENT
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    376
  268. Sec. 4. Of feeling and judgment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    377
  269. 8. Improper use. of words has impeded the study of moral philosophy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    384
  270. 10. Impiety of the assertion, that moral judgment is merely a feeling
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    392

AN INQUIRY INTO THE HUMAN MIND ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMON SENSE.


  1. Page
  2. DEDICATION TO LORD DESKFOORD
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    395
  3. CHAPTER I.
  4. INTRODUCTION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    399
  5. Sec. 1. The importance of the subject, and the means of prosecuting it
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  6. 2. The impediments to our knowledge of the mind
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    400
  7. 3. The present state of this part of philosophy. Of Des Cartes, Malebranche, and Locke
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    403
  8. 4. Apology for these philosophers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    405
  9. 5. Of Bishop Berkeley; the "Treatise of Human Nature;" and of scepticism
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    406
  10. 6. Of the "Treatise of Human Nature"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    408
  11. 7. The system of all these authors is the same, and leads to scepticism
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    409
  12. 8. We ought not to despair of a better
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    410
  13. CHAPTER II.
  14. OF SMELLING
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    411
  15. Sec 1. The order of proceeding. Of the medium and organ of smell
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  16. 2. The sensation considered abstractly
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    412
  17. 3. Sensation and its remembrance natural principles of belief
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    413
  18. 4. Judgment and belief in some cases precede simple apprehension
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    415
  19. 5. Two theories of the nature of belief refuted. Conclusions from what hath been said
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    415
  20. 6. Apology for metaphysical absurdities. Sensation without a sentient, a consequence of the theory of ideas. Consequences of this strange opinion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    418
  21. 7. The conception and belief of a sentient being or mind, is suggested by our constitution. The notion of relations not always got by comparing the related ideas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    422
  22. 8. There is a quality or virtue in bodies, which we call their smell. How this is connected in the imagination with the sensation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    424
  23. 9. That there is a principle in human nature, from which the notion of this, as well as all other natural virtues or causes, is derived
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    425
  24. 10. Whether in sensations the mind is active or passive
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    428
  25. CHAPTER III.
  26. OF TASTING
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    430
  27. CHAPTER IV.
  28. OF HEARING
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    433
  29. Sec. 1. Variety of sounds. Their place and distance learned by custom, without reasoning
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  30. 2. Of natural language
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    434
  31. CHAPTER V.
  32. OF TOUCH
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    437
  33. Sec. 1. Of heat and cold
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  34. 2. Of hardness and softness
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    438
  35. 3. Of natural signs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    441
  36. 4. Of hardness, and other primary qualities
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    444
  37. 5. The distinction betwixt primary and secondary qualities hath had several revolutions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  38. 6. Of extension
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    445
  39. 7. Of extension
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    447
  40. 8. Of the existence of a material world
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    449
  41. 9. Of the systems of philosophers concerning the senses
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    454
  42. CHAPTER VI.
  43. OF SEEING
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    457
  44. Sec. 1. The excellence and dignity of this faculty ib.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  45. 2. Sight discovers almost nothing which the blind may not comprehend. The reason of this
    459
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  46. Sec. 3. Of the visible appearances of objects
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    462
  47. 4. That colour is a quality of bodies, not a sensation of the mind
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    465
  48. 5. First inference from the preceding
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    467
  49. 6. Second.—That none of our sensations are resemblances of any of the qualities of bodies
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    470
  50. 7. Of visible figure and extension
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    474
  51. 8. Some queries concerning visible figure answered
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    477
  52. 9. Of the geometry of visibles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    482
  53. 10. Of the parallel motion of the eyes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    490
  54. 11. Of our seeing objects erect by inverted images
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    492
  55. 12. The same subject continued
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    497
  56. 13. Of seeing objects single with two eyes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    509
  57. 14. Of the laws of vision in brute animals
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    514
  58. 15. The phenomena of squinting considered hypothetically
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    516
  59. Sec. 16. Facts relating to squinting
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    524
  60. 17. Of the effect of custom in seeing objects single
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    526
  61. 18. Of Dr. Porterfield's account of single and double vision
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    532
  62. 19. Of Dr. Briggs's theory, and Sir Isaac Newton's conjecture on this subject
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    534
  63. 20. Of perception in general
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    542
  64. 21. Of the process of nature in perception
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    548
  65. 22. Of the signs by which we learn to perceive distance from the eye
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    552
  66. 23. Of the signs used in these acquired perceptions
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    561
  67. 24. Of the analogy between perception and the credit we give to human testimony
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    563
  68. CHAPTER VII.
  69. CONCLUSION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    575
  70. Sec. 1. Containing reflections upon the opinions of philosophers on this subject
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    575

AN ESSAY ON QUANTITY.


  1. Page
  2. Sec. 1. What quantity is
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    591
  3. 2. Of proper and improper quantity
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    592
  4. 3. Corollary 1
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    594
  5. 4. Corollary 2
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    ib.
  6. 5. Corollary 3
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    595
  7. Sec. 6. Of the Newtonian measure of force
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    596
  8. 7. Of the Leibnitzian measure of force
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    597
  9. 8. Reflections on this controversy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    598