Index:Essays on the active powers of the human mind; An inquiry into the human mind on the principles of common sense; and An essay on quantity.djvu

Title	Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind; An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense; and An Essay on Quantity
Author	Thomas Reid
Year	1843
Publisher	Thomas Tegg
Location	London
Source	djvu
Progress	To be proofread
Transclusion	Index not transcluded or unreviewed

Pages (key to Page Status)

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SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

 

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ESSAYS ON THE ACTIVE POWERS OF THE MIND.

---

1. Page

2. Life of Dr. Reid ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

3. ---

4. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   77

5. ---

6. ESSAY I.
   

   OF ACTIVE POWER IN GENERAL.
   CHAPTER I

7. OF THE NOTION OF ACTIVE POWER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   79

8. Sec. 1. An explanation of the meaning of "active power" necessary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ib.

9. 2. The Aristotelian definition of motion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ib.

10. 3. Of our conception of active power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    80

11. 4. Power not an object of consciousness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

12. But a relative conception ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    81

13. 6. There are some things of which we can have both a direct and a relative conception ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    82

14. 7. Our conception of power is relative to its exertions or effects ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    83

15. 8. Our idea of power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

16. CHAPTER II.

17. THE SAME SUBJECT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    85

18. Sec. 1. Distinction of "action and passion" coeval with the origin of languages ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

19. 2. Objection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

20. 6. Active verbs appear plainly to have been first contrived to express action ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    88

21. CHAPTER III.

22. of mr. locke's account of our idea of power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

23. 2. Objections to Mr. Locke's origin of our idea of power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

24. CHAPTER IV.

25. of mr. hume's opinion of the idea of power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    93

26. Sec. 1. Induction, by which Mr. Hume attempts to explain the origin of our simple ideas, imperfect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

27. 4. Of the two principles which Hume opposes to Locke ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    96

28. Chapter V.

29. WHETHER BEINGS THAT HAVE NO WILL NOR UNDERSTANDING MAY HAVE ACTIVE POWER? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    97

30. Sec. 1. The question perplexed by the ambiguity of certain terms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

31. 4. Volition necessary to the operation of power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    99

32. 6. Our conception of active power relative ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    101

33. CHAPTER VI.

34. OF THE EFFICIENT CAUSES OF THE PHENOMENA OF NATURE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

35. Sec. 1. Of powers ascribed to matter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

36. CHAPTER VII.

37. OF THE EXTENT OF HUMAN POWER. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    107

38. Sec. 1. Power an attribute of accountable beings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

39. 8. Human power entirely dependent upon God and the laws of nature ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    113

40. ---

41. ESSAY II.
    

    OF THE WILL.
    CHAPTER I.

42. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE WILL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

43. Sec. 1. Volition and will different ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

44. 2. The term will, how used ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

45. 3. Its definition ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    115

46. 5. Of command, will, and desire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    117

47. CHAPTER II.

48. OF THE INFLUENCE OF INCITEMENTS AND MOTIVES UPON THE WILL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    119

49. Sec. 1. Instinct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

50. 2. Judgment not necessary to instinct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

51. 3. The exercise of judgment distinct from the impulse of appetite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    121

52. 4. Taste and judgment differ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    122

53. 5. Of passion and reason ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

54. CHAPTER III.

55. OF OPERATIONS OF MIND WHICH MAY BE CALLED VOLUNTARY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    126

56. Sec. 1. Of attention, deliberation, and resolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

57. 2. Of genius ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    127

58. 3. Deliberation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    129

59. 6. Resolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    131

60. 7. The virtue and affection of benevolence different ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    132

61. CHAPTER IV.

62. COROLLARIES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

63. Sec. 1. Of transient and momentary acts of the will ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

64. ---

65. ESSAY III.
    

    OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    PART I.
    OF THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    CHAPTER I.

66. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION IN GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

67. Sec. 1. Actions of men classified ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

68. 2. Knowledge of the principles of action important ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

69. 3. Difficulties attending an investigation of the principles of human actions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    139

70. 4. Third cause of the difficulty of tracing the principles of action in man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    140

71. CHAPTER II.

72. OF INSTINCT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    142

73. Sec. 1. Of instinct in man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

74. Sec. 2. Of instinct in inferior animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    143

75. 3. Some human instincts transitory, others permanent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    145

76. 6. Fourth case in which instinct, probably, is requisite ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    147

77. 7. Judgment and. belief influenced, to a certain extent, by instinct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    148

78. CHAPTER III.

79. OF HABIT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    151

80. Sec. 1. Vulgar definition of habit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

81. 2. The art of speaking, the strongest illustration of the force of habit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    152

82. PART II.
    

    OF ANIMAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
    CHAPTER I.

83. OF APPETITES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    154

84. Sec. 1. Definition of animal principles of action ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

85. 5. The principle of activity belongs to every period of life ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    157

86. 7. The government of appetites gives a superiority to man over brute animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    159

87. CHAPTER II.

88. OF DESIRES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    160

89. Sec. 1. Distinction between appetites and desires twofold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

90. 2. Of esteem and contempt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

91. 5. Such natural desires not selfish principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    162

92. 6. Our desires auxiliary to the maintenance of morals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

93. 9. Of acquired desires ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    165

94. CHAPTER III.

95. OF BENEVOLENT AFFECTION IN GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    166

96. Sec. 2. Objects of our desires and our affections different ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    167

97. CHAPTER IV.

98. OF THE PARTICULAR BENEVOLENT AFFECTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    171

99. Sec. 1. Of natural affection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

100. 2. Duration of parental affection limited in inferior animals; not so in the human species ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     172

101. 3. Parental affection the effect of our natural constitution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     173

102. 4. Further uses of parental affection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

103. Sec. 11. Necessity for submitting public spirit to the control of reason and virtue, evident ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     179

104. CHAPTER V.

105. OF MALEVOLENT AFFECTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     182

106. Sec. 1. Of emulation and resentment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

107. 4. Effects of emulation in brute-animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     185

108. 5. Definition of resentment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

109. 7. Children and rude nations generally ascribe life and intelligence to inanimate things ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     188

110. 9. Agreements and disagreements between deliberate and mere animal resentment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     189

111. CHAPTER VI.

112. OF PASSION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     190

113. Sec. 1. Passion, Disposition, Opinion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

114. 2. Definition of passion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     191

115. 5. Hume's paradoxes generally reducible to abuses of words ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     193

116. 6. Common division of the passions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

117. 7. Influence of passion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     194

118. CHAPTER VII.

119. OF DISPOSITION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     198

120. Sec. 3. The excellent consequences of good humour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     199

121. 5. Elation, magnanimity, a sense of honour and pride ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     200

122. 6. Depression, humility, meanness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

123. CHAPTER VIII.

124. OF OPINION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     202

125. Sec. 1. Influence of opinion upon our animal principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

126. 4. Analogy between the discipline of body and mind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     203

127. 5. Man actuated by no sense of duty, considered ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     204

128. PART III.
     

     OF THE RATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION.
     CHAPTER I.

129. THERE ARE RATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTION IN MAN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     206

130. Sec. 2. Hume's error as to one of the chief offices of reason ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     207

131. CHAPTER II.

132. OF REGARD TO OUR GOOD ON THE WHOLE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     208

133. Sec. 1. Chief spring of our early actions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

134. 2. The conception of what is good or ill for us upon the whole, the offspring of reason ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     209

135. 4. Office of practical reason ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     211

136. CHAPTER III.

137. THE TENDENCY OF THIS PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     213

138. Sec. 1. Question of the ancient moralists, "What is the greatest good ?" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

139. 2. Fallacy of the Epicurean doctrine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

140. 3. Doctrine of the Stoics not original ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     214

141. 4. Recapitulation of what has been advanced relative to the rational principles of action ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     216

142. CHAPTER IV.

143. DEFECTS OF THIS PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     217

144. Sec. 1. The rational principle of action not the only regulator of human conduct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

145. CHAPTER V.

146. OF THE NOTION OF DOTY, RECTITUDE, MORAL OBLIGATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     221

147. Sec. 1. A sense of interest, or a sense of duty, or both, necessary to the social state ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

148. 2. Of a sense of duty only ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

149. 3. The notion of this principle invariable, its extent not so ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     223

150. 4. Reality of moral distinctions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

151. 6. Moral obligation a relation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     225

152. CHAPTER VI.

153. OF THE SENSE OF DUTY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     227

154. Sec. 1. The moral sense,—the moral faculty,—conscience ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

155. 2. This analogy excusable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

156. 3. Further shown ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     228

157. 5. Universality of first principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     230

158. 6. The first principles of morals are the immediate dictates of the moral faculty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     230

159. 7. Recapitulation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

160. CHAPTER VII.

161. OF MORAL APPROBATION AND DISAPPROBATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

162. Sec. 1. Of affections and feelings included in our moral judgments ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

163. 3. Moral disapprobation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     233

164. 6. Social ties auxiliary to virtue, unfavourable to vice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     235

165. 7. Consequences of remorse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

166. 8. Operations of the faculty called moral sense ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     236

167. CHAPTER VIII.

168. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING CONSCIENCE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     237

169. Sec. 1. Our judgment of moral conduct advances from infancy by insensible degrees ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

170. 3. Scepticism twofold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     238

171. 8. The intention or end of our active powers obvious ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     241

172. 9. Office of conscience ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     242

173. 10. Stoical perfection ideal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     243

174. 12. Extravagance of Mysticism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

175. ---

     ESSAY IV.
     ON THE LIBERTY OF MORAL AGENTS.
     CHAPTER I.

176. THE NOTIONS OF MORAL LIBERTY AND NECESSITY STATED ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     246

177. Sec. 1. Moral liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

178. 2. The voluntary actions of brutes, determined by the present predominant passion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     247

179. 7. Three additional meanings of the word liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     249

180. CHAPTER II.

181. OF THE WORDS CAUSE AND EFFECT, ACTION, AND ACTIVE POWER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     251

182. Sec. 1. The use of ambiguous terms has impeded our reasonings about moral liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

183. 2. Active power ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     252

184. 5. Recapitulation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     254

185. CHAPTER III.

186. CAUSES OF THE AMBIGUITY OF THOSE WORDS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     255

187. Sec. 1. Premature conclusion as to objects indued with motion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

188. 6. A chief cause of the imperfection of language ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     257

189. 8. Absurd theories of philosophers to explain causation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     259

190. 9. Not mischievous ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

191. Sec. 10. Proof of a Deity on these principles presents no difficulty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     260

192. CHAPTER IV.

193. OF THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     261

194. Sec. 6. Motives of the same kind may be compared ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     264

195. 8. Animal test of the strength of motives ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     265

196. 9. Rational motives defined ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     266

197. 10. Rational test of the strength of motives ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

198. 14. The supposition of necessity precludes rewards and punishments—liberty gives efficacy to both ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     268

199. CHAPTER V.

200. LIBERTY CONSISTENT WITH GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     269

201. Sec. 1. Mechanical and moral government ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

202. 7. The moral government of God consistent with liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     273

203. CHAPTER VI.

204. FIRST ARGUMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     275

205. Sec. 3. The belief of acting freely is coeval with our reason, universal, and necessary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     278

206. 5. Exceptions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     279

207. CHAPTER VII.

208. SECOND ARGUMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     282

209. Sec. 1. Certain first principles universally conceded ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

210. CHAPTER VIII.

211. THIRD ARGUMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     286

212. Sec. 2. Argument from analogy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     286

213. 3. Its application ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     287

214. 4. Objection and answer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

215. CHAPTER IX.

216. OF ARGUMENTS FOR NECESSITY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     289

217. Sec. 1. Three classes of arguments against human liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

218. 2. Boast of Leibnitz ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

219. 3. Identity of indiscernibles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     290

220. 4. Leibnitz' proof of the truth of his principle only a petitio principii ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

221. 5. Three meanings of the principle of "a sufficient reason" applied to the determinations of the will ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     291

222. 6. The principle further examined ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

223. Sec. 9. Four consequences of this definition of a cause ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     294

224. CHAPTER X.

225. THE SAME SUBJECT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     297

226. Sec. 2. Third class of arguments against human liberty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     298

227. CHAPTER XI.

228. OF THE PERMISSION OF EVIL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     303

229. Sec. 2. Scientia media ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

230. 3. Prescience of the Deity indisputable ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     304

231. ---

232. ESSAY V.
     

     OF MORALS.
     CHAPTER I

233. OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MORALS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     312

234. Sec. 1. First principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

235. 4. Another class of axioms in morals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     317

236. 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

237. CHAPTER II.

238. OF SYSTEMS OF MORALS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

239. Sec. 1. Instruction in morals necessary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib

240. 3. Necessity of instruction in morals shown from the evidence of history ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     321

241. 6. Morals have been method- ized in different ways ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     322

242. CHAPTER III.

243. OF SYSTEMS OF NATURAL JURISPRUDENCE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     323

244. Sec. 1. Jurisprudence and morals closely related ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

245. 5. True origin of systems of natural jurisprudence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     326

246. CHAPTER IV.

247. WHETHER AN ACTION DESERVING MORAL APPROBATION, MUST BE DONE WITH THE BELIEF OF ITS BEING MORALLY GOOD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     329

248. Sec. 9. Conscience, or moral sense ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     337

249. CHAPTER V.

250. WHETHER JUSTICE BE A NATURAL OR AN ARTIFICIAL VIRTUE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     338

251. Sec. 1. Hume consistent as a writer on morals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

252. 3. Hume agrees with the Epicureans in one respect ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     339

253. 4. Disagrees in another ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     340

254. 5. Effect of this doctrine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

255. 6. Natural and artificial virtues ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

256. 8. Esteem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     341

257. 9. The merit of justice, according to Hume ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     342

258. 17. Six branches of justice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     349

259. 20. Mr. Hobbes' system ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     350

260. 26. This argument would prove all social virtues to be artificial, as well as justice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     357

261. 28. Obvious defect in Mr. Hume's reasoning as to the standard of justice generally ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     358

262. 29. Standard of justice among the ancients ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     359

263. CHAPTER VI.

264. OF THE NATURE AND OBLIGATION OF A CONTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     361

265. Sec. 1. Promise and contract different ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     ib.

266. 2. Definition of a contract ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     362

267. 5. Contracts and promises have a foundation in nature ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     367

268. 7. Natural tendency of Mr. Hume's principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     370

269. 8. Mr. Hume's practice probably contradicted his principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     371

270. 10. Origin of the contradictions in Mr. Hume's arguments ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     374

271. CHAPTER VII.

272. THAT MORAL APPROBATION IMPLIES A REAL JUDGMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     376

273. Sec. 4. Of feeling and judgment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     377

274. 8. Improper use. of words has impeded the study of moral philosophy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

275. 10. Impiety of the assertion, that moral judgment is merely a feeling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     392

 

AN INQUIRY INTO THE HUMAN MIND ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMON SENSE.

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1. Page

2. DEDICATION TO LORD DESKFOORD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   395

3. CHAPTER I.

4. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   399

5. Sec. 1. The importance of the subject, and the means of prosecuting it ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ib.

6. 2. The impediments to our knowledge of the mind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   400

7. 3. The present state of this part of philosophy. Of Des Cartes, Malebranche, and Locke ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   403

8. 4. Apology for these philosophers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   405

9. 5. Of Bishop Berkeley; the "Treatise of Human Nature;" and of scepticism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   406

10. 6. Of the "Treatise of Human Nature" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    408

11. 7. The system of all these authors is the same, and leads to scepticism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    409

12. 8. We ought not to despair of a better ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    410

13. CHAPTER II.

14. OF SMELLING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    411

15. Sec 1. The order of proceeding. Of the medium and organ of smell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

16. 2. The sensation considered abstractly ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    412

17. 3. Sensation and its remembrance natural principles of belief ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    413

18. 4. Judgment and belief in some cases precede simple apprehension ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    415

19. 5. Two theories of the nature of belief refuted. Conclusions from what hath been said ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    415

20. 6. Apology for metaphysical absurdities. Sensation without a sentient, a consequence of the theory of ideas. Consequences of this strange opinion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    418

21. 7. The conception and belief of a sentient being or mind, is suggested by our constitution. The notion of relations not always got by comparing the related ideas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    422

22. 8. There is a quality or virtue in bodies, which we call their smell. How this is connected in the imagination with the sensation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    424

23. 9. That there is a principle in human nature, from which the notion of this, as well as all other natural virtues or causes, is derived ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    425

24. 10. Whether in sensations the mind is active or passive ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    428

25. CHAPTER III.

26. OF TASTING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    430

27. CHAPTER IV.

28. OF HEARING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    433

29. Sec. 1. Variety of sounds. Their place and distance learned by custom, without reasoning ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

30. 2. Of natural language ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    434

31. CHAPTER V.

32. OF TOUCH ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    437

33. Sec. 1. Of heat and cold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

34. 2. Of hardness and softness ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    438

35. 3. Of natural signs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    441

36. 4. Of hardness, and other primary qualities ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    444

37. 5. The distinction betwixt primary and secondary qualities hath had several revolutions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ib.

38. 6. Of extension ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    445

39. 7. Of extension ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    447

40. 8. Of the existence of a material world ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    449

41. 9. Of the systems of philosophers concerning the senses ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    454

42. CHAPTER VI.

43. OF SEEING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    457

44. Sec. 1. The excellence and dignity of this faculty ib. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

45. 2. Sight discovers almost nothing which the blind may not comprehend. The reason of this

    459 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

46. Sec. 3. Of the visible appearances of objects ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    462

47. 4. That colour is a quality of bodies, not a sensation of the mind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    465

48. 5. First inference from the preceding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    467

49. 6. Second.—That none of our sensations are resemblances of any of the qualities of bodies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    470

50. 7. Of visible figure and extension ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    474

51. 8. Some queries concerning visible figure answered ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    477

52. 9. Of the geometry of visibles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    482

53. 10. Of the parallel motion of the eyes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    490

54. 11. Of our seeing objects erect by inverted images ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    492

55. 12. The same subject continued ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    497

56. 13. Of seeing objects single with two eyes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    509

57. 14. Of the laws of vision in brute animals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    514

58. 15. The phenomena of squinting considered hypothetically ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    516

59. Sec. 16. Facts relating to squinting ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    524

60. 17. Of the effect of custom in seeing objects single ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    526

61. 18. Of Dr. Porterfield's account of single and double vision ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    532

62. 19. Of Dr. Briggs's theory, and Sir Isaac Newton's conjecture on this subject ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    534

63. 20. Of perception in general ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    542

64. 21. Of the process of nature in perception ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    548

65. 22. Of the signs by which we learn to perceive distance from the eye ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    552

66. 23. Of the signs used in these acquired perceptions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    561

67. 24. Of the analogy between perception and the credit we give to human testimony ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    563

68. CHAPTER VII.

69. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    575

70. Sec. 1. Containing reflections upon the opinions of philosophers on this subject ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    575

 

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AN ESSAY ON QUANTITY.

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1. Page

2. Sec. 1. What quantity is ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   591

3. 2. Of proper and improper quantity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   592

4. 3. Corollary 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   594

5. 4. Corollary 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ib.

6. 5. Corollary 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   595

7. Sec. 6. Of the Newtonian measure of force ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   596

8. 7. Of the Leibnitzian measure of force ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   597

9. 8. Reflections on this controversy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   598