Latin for beginners (1911)/Part III/Lesson LXXII

by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge

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LESSON LXXII

THE IRREGULAR VERB EŌ • INDIRECT STATEMENTS

412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§ 499).

a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped.

413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions:

ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative

ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which

in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative

red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which

trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the

accusative

414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

Direct statements

The Gauls are brave, The Gauls were brave The Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements after a verb in the present tense	He says that the Gauls are brave He says that the Gauls were brave He says that the Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements after a verb in a past tense	He said that the Gauls were brave He said that the Gauls had been brave He said that the Gauls would be brave

We see that in English

a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that.

b. The verb is finite (cf. § 173) and its subject is in the nominative.

c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said.

415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

Direct Statements	Gallī sunt fortēs Gallī erant fortēs Gallī erunt fortēs
Indirect Statements	Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs (He says or He said the Gauls to be brave)[1] Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs (He says or He said the Gauls to have been brave)[1] Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs (He says or He said the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1]

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.

b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.

c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb.

416. Rule. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. 417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in § 4

1. were changed from the direct to the indirect

form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse.

418. Rule. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.

Note. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

419. Rule. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving.

420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

a.	Verbs of saying and telling: dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply
b.	Verbs of knowing: cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn, (in the perf.) know sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know
c.	Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope
d.	Verbs of perceiving: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand, perceive

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

421. IDIOMS

postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day)

initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer

memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory)

per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts

422.

EXERCISES

I.

1. It, īmus, īte, īre.
2. Euntī, iisse or īsse, ībunt, eunt.
3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs.
4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat.
5. Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse.
6. Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse.
7. Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse.
8. Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse.
9. Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium.
10. Rōmānī negant sē lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse.
11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs nōn vēnisse ad pācem petendam.
12. Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre.
13. Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre.
14. Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.

II.

1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow.
2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong.
3. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer.
4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.^[2]
5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to^[3] the queen.

TUBA

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References

1. These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.
2. to be off, to be distant, abesse.
3. Latin, were of (§ 409).