The Sea Coast.
[English words connected with the Latin by origin, but not intended as translations of them, are given in square brackets and Roman type.]
§1.
| quam bella | how beautiful |
| est | is |
| ōra maritima | the sea-shore |
| nōn procul | not far |
| ab ōrā maritimā | from the sea-shore |
| villa | a country-house [villa] |
| in villā | in the country-house |
| amita mea | my aunt |
| habitat | dwells,lives |
| et | and |
| ego habitō | I dwell, I am staying |
| cum amitā meā | with my aunt |
| nunc | now |
| ante iānuam | before the door |
| villae | of the country-house |
| ārea | an open space [area] |
| in āreā | in the open space |
| castanea | a chestnut-tree |
| ubi | where |
| luscinia | a nightingale |
| interdum | sometimes |
| cantat | sings |
| sub umbrā | under the shade (umbra, shade; cf. ‘umbrella’) |
| castaneae | of the chestnut-tree |
| ancilla | a maid-servant |
| cēnam parat | prepares supper |
| amō ōram | I love the shore |
| amō villam bellam | I love the pretty country-house |
Compare the different forms of the same word (Singular Number) in the following sentences:
- Villa bella est. There is a pretty country house, or The country-house is pretty.
- Villam bellam amō. I love the pretty country-house.
- Iānua villae bellae est aperta. The door of the pretty country-house is open.
- In villā bellā habitō. I am staying in the pretty country house.
Note. ego habitō, I am staying (where the word I has some stress); amo, I love (where the word I has no stress.) §2.
| fēriae | holidays |
| sunt | are or there are |
| fēriae nunc sunt | it is now the holidays |
| inter feriās | during the holidays |
| in villā maritimā | in the country-house by the sea |
| ō beātās fēriās! | oh, the happy holidays! |
| in arēnā | on the sand |
| ōrae maritimae | of the sea coast |
| ancorae | anchors |
| et | and |
| catēnae | chains |
| nam | for |
| incolae | the inhabitants |
| nautae | sailors |
| magna est | great is (or is great) |
| audācia | the courage |
| nautārum | of sailors |
| procellās formīdant | they fear storms |
| nautās amō | I like sailors |
| ut | as |
| nautae | sailors |
| mē amant | like me |
| cum nautīs | with the sailors |
| in scaphīs | in boats [skiffs] |
| nāvigō | I sail [navigate] |
Compare the forms of the Plural ‘nautae,’ sailors, in the above sentences: nautae mē amant, sailors like me; nautās amō, I like sailors; audācia nautārum, the courage of sailors; cum nautīs, with sailors. Note that the ending -ae, like the English -s, has two different meanings: nautae = (1) sailor’s, (2) sailors.
Compare the different forms of the same word (Plural Number) in the following sentences:
- Villae bellae sunt. There are pretty country-houses, or The country-houses are pretty.
- Villās bellās amo. I love pretty contry-houses.
- Iānuae villārum bellārum sunt apertae. The doors of the pretty country-houses are open.
- In villīs bellīs habitant. They dwell in pretty country-houses.
§3.
| ex fenestrīs | out of (or from) the windows |
| undās spectās | thou seest (you see) the waves |
| caeruleās | blue |
| quam magnae sunt | how big they are (i.e. the waves, undae) |
| per-lūcidae | transparent [lucid] |
| post cēnam | after supper |
| lūnam spectō | I see the moon |
| stellās | the stars |
| ex fenestrā meā | from my window |
| prope villam | near the country-house |
| silva | a wood |
| saepe | often |
| ambulō | I walk |
| quantopere | how much |
| nōs delectat | đelights us |
| ō cōpiam | oh the abundance |
| plantārum | of plants |
| herbārum | of grasses, of herbs |
| bācārum | of berries |
| nōn sōlum | not only [solely] |
| sed etiam | but also |
| agricolae | farmers |
| circum | around |
| habitant | dwell |
| casae | the cottages |
| agricolārum | of the farmers |
| parvae | small |
| casās albās habitant | inhabit white cottages |
| casās vīsitat | visits the cottages |
Compare the Singular and Plural forms of the word ‘amita’ in the following sentences:
- Amita mea casās vīsitat. My aunt visits cottages.
- Amitae meae casās vīsitant. My aunts visit cottages.
- Amitam meam amō. I love my aunt.
- Amitās meās amō. I love my aunts.
- Amitae meae vīlla est bella. My aunt's country-house is pretty.
- Amitārum meārum vīllae sunt bellae. My aunts’ country-houses are pretty.
- Cum amitā meā ambulō. I walk with my aunt.
- Cum amitīs meīs ambulō. I walk with my aunts. Notice that the forms in -am (Singular) and -ās (Plural) occur
- after certain Prepositions:
ante iānuam, before the door; post cenam, after supper; prope vīllam, near the house; inter fēriās, during the holidays. - without any Preposition, to complete the sense with certain Verbs. The form in -am or -as is then called tlhe Object of the Verb. In the following sentences it will be seen that the forms in -am and -as differ in meaning from those in -a and -ae just as me difers from I (or ‘him’, ‘them’, ‘whom’, from ‘he,’ ‘they,’ ‘who’) in English:—
I love sailors. Ego amō nautās. Sailors love me. Nautae amant mē. The maid-servant prepares supper. Ancilla parat cēnam. Sailors inhabit white cottages. Nautae habitant casās albās.
§4.
| rēgina mea | my queen |
| magna | great |
| glōria | the glory |
| Victōriae Rēgīnae | of Queen Victoria (or Queen Victoria’s) |
| in insulīs Britannicīs | in the British islands |
| colōniae Britannicae | British colonies |
| domina | mistress [dame] |
| multārum terrārum | of many lands |
| undārum | of the waves |
| triumphō | I triumph, I exult |
| tē amō | I love thee |
| Britannia | o Britain |
| vōs | you |
| īnsulae Britannicae | o British isles |
| nōn est | is not |
| patria | native-land |
| ex Āfricā Merīdiānā | from South Africa |
| sum | I am |
Note that the forms in -a (Singular) and -ae (Plural) may be used in speaking to persons or things: in such cases we may translate by using the word ‘o’ in English, but generally it is better to leave out this word: tē, Britannia, amō, I love thee, Britain: vōs, īnsulae Britannicae, amō, I love you, British isles.
§5.
edit| quoque | too, also |
| consōbrīna | cousin |
| apud amitam meam | at the house of my aunt |
| columbās cūrat | keeps doves |
| cūra columbārum | the care of doves |
| Lȳdiae | to Lydia |
| laetitiam dat | gives delight |
| tū, Lȳdia | thou (you), Lydia |
| cum | when |
| es | thou art, you are |
| apud magistram tuam | at the house of thy (your) schoolmistress |
| linguae Franco-gallicae | to the French language |
| Anglicae | to the English |
| operam dãs | givest (give) attention (=study) |
| ego operam dõ | I give attention |
| linguīs antīquīs | to the ancient languages |
| Rōmae | of Rome |
| Graeciae | of Greece |
| cum Lȳdiā | see §1: cum amitā meã |
| ad silvam | to the wood |
| vel | or |
| nāvigāmus | we sail |
| undae delectant | the waves delight |
| võs, filiae, amātis | you, o daughters, love |
| võs amat | loves you |
| ubi ... ibi | where ... there |
| inopia | want, poverty |
| levat | relieves |
Compare carefully:
- Lȳdiae laetitiam dat, gives pleasure to Lydia.
- ad silvam ambulō, I walk to the wood.
The forms in -ae (Singular) and -īs (Plural) meaning ‘to’ are often found with verbs of ‘giving’; hence they are called the ‘Dative Case’ (Case of Giving). But they are not used with verbs of ‘going’; with these verbs ‘to’ is expressed by the Preposition ‘ad’ followed by a form in -am (Singular) or -as (Plural).
| Name of Case. | |||||
| 1st Case. | Lȳdia | Lydia | Nominative. | ||
| 2nd Case. | Lȳdia | o | Lydia | Vocative. | |
| 3rd Case. | Lȳdiam | Lydia | Accusative. | ||
| 4th Case. | Lȳdiae | Lydia's, of Lydia | Genitive. | ||
| 5th Case. | Lȳdiae | to | Lydia | Dative. | |
| 6th Case. | cum | Lȳdiā | with | Lydia | Ablative. |
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| 1 | villa bella | villae bellae |
| 2 | villa bella | villae bellae |
| 3 | villam bellam | villās bellās |
| 4 | villārum bellārum | villae bellae |
| 5 | villīs bellīs (with a verb of ‘giving’) | villae bellae (with a verb of ‘giving’) |
| 6 | in villā bellā | in villīs bellīs |
The Preposition which is used with the Ablative Case must be varied to suit the sense of the noun which is being declined: e.g. ‘cum Lȳdiā,’ but ‘in villā’ or ‘ex villā’ or ‘ā villā’
| Present Tense of ‘sum’ and 1st Conjugation. | ||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| 1st Person | sum, I am | sumus, we are |
| 2nd Person | es, thou art (you are) | estis, you are |
| 3rd Person | est, he (she, it) is | sunt, they are |
| 1st Person | spectō, I see | spectāmus, we see |
| 2nd Person | spectās, thou seest (you see) | spectātis, you see |
| 3rd Person | spectat, he (she, it) sees | spectant, they see |
The verb ‘dō,’ I give, has a short a in the 1st and 2nd Person plural: dămus, dătis.