Adverbs or adverbial phrases formed by the participle of verbs, as: semete, sadamete, hajimete, kesshite, saiwai ni shite, hito to shite, toki to shite.
There is a large class formed by reduplicating the root form of adjectives or verbs, as: iso-iso, haru-baru, ara-ara, ari-ari, kaesu-gaesu.
Besides these there are a large number of onomatopoetic words, used adverbially, as: bori-bori, boki-boki, pon-pon, pun-pun, para-para, pachi-pachi, piri-piri, pyō, pisshari, etc.
Post-positions.
That class of words which is called Prepositions in most other languages, in the Japanese is called Post-positions, from their always following the word which they govern.
The Post-positions proper are: wa, ga, ni, ye, wo, kara, yori, de, and nite.
Besides these, many words which are properly nouns are used to express this relation between words, as: ue, shita, omote, ura, ushiro, uchi, naka, soto, hoka, mae, nochi, saki, ato, aida, kata, soba, hotori, tonari, tame, mawari, kawari, also derived from the Chinese are, zen, go, chū, jo, ka.
This relation in the English language is also frequently expressed in the Japanese by means of compound verbs, or by the p. pr. form of the verb, as: Ki wo yoji-noboru, to climb up a tree; ido ni tobi-komu, to jump into a well; ie wo aruki-mawaru, to walk round the house; hako kara tori-dasu, to take out of a box; mekata ni shitagatte nedan ga aru, the price is according to the weight; na ga tokoro ni yotte chigau, the name differs with the place.
Conjunctions
Are formed by the conjunctive, conditional and concessive forms of the verb, also by the use of the same forms of the verbs kakaru, shikaru, keru, saru, and sōrau, whose only use seems to be to furnish connectives of this class. Conjunctions may be divided into the following classes:—
- Copulatives, answering to,—and, moreover, besides, also, so, then: to, oyobi, narabi-ni, mo, mata, katsu, kono ue ni, nao mata, nao-sara.
- Disjunctives, answering to,—or, whether, either: ka, ya, aruiwa, mata-wa, yara, yaran.
- Inferential, answering to,—therefore, on this account, for this reason: yue ni, yotte, kara, karu-ga-yue ni.
- Adversative, answering to,—but, still, yet, however, on the contrary: shikashi, shikashi-nagara, kaete, kekku.
