APAMEA—A PENNINES from the mines under the control of the Societe d’Anzin was 2,973,000 tons, and the number of persons employed was 12,200. Population (1891), 11,394 ; (1896), 12,606 ; (comm.), 12,768. Apamea, (1) a treasure-city, and stud-depot of the Seleucid kings in the valley of the Orontes. Destroyed by Chosroes in the 7th century a.d. ; partially rebuilt and known as Fdmia by the Arabs; and overthrown by an earthquake in 1152. The acropolis hill is now occupied by the ruins of Kal^it el-Mudik. (2) In Phrygia. Founded by Antiochus Soter, near, but on lower ground than, Cekenai. It was? situated at the exit of the Marsyas from the hills, and became a seat of Seleucid power, and a centre of Greco-Roman civilization and commerce. For a long period it was one of the greatest cities of Asia Minor, but when the trade routes were diverted to Constantinople it rapidly declined, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake. An early Christian tradition, possibly arising from a name, Cibotus (ark), which the town bore, identified the neighbouring mountain with Ararat. The site is now partly occupied by Dineir, which is connected with Smyrna by railway, and there are extensive remains. (3) On the left bank of the Euphrates, at the end of a bridge of boats (zeugma). The Til-Barsip of the Assyrian inscriptions, now Birejik. (4) The earlier Myrlea of Bithynia, now Mud&nia, the port of Bnisa. Hirschfeld, “liber Celainai-Apameia-Kibotos,” in Transactions of Berlin Academy, 1876.—Hogarth, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1888.—Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, vol. ii. <£)xford. ApeldOOm, a flourishing village in the Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland, 17 miles north of Arnhem. The Protestant church, burned down in 1890, has been restored, and an aqueduct built (1894) from the neighbouring hills. Population (1900), 25,761. Apennines, the mountain backbone of Italy, some 800 miles long by 70 to 80 miles in maximum width. The central chain, or main axis, of the Apennines may perhaps be regarded as a flanking range of a primeval central mass now sunk beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Apuan Alps, a western outlier of the Northern Apennines, and the mountains of Calabria, which are the oldest parts of the system, being composed almost entirely of crystalline rocks, as surviving fragments of the same primeval Tyrrhenian mainland. Apart from the Apuan Alps, the Northern Apennines consist principally of older Tertiary formations and younger members of the Cretaceous epoch, chiefly sandstones and marly slates, broken through in many places by rounded protrusions of gabbro and serpentine. These serpentine outflows occur again in the “compartment” of Potenza (province, Basilicata) in the south, but do not appear in the Central Apennines. . The Central Apennines may be briefly described as consisting of a series of vast ellipsoidal outcrops of the limestone core (Cretaceous to Triassic) of the system, thrust up above the broad base of younger formations, which flank it on east and west. South of the Esino valley and the Ancona-Spoleto railway there are two clearly marked continuing ranges, with parallel strikes, the western prolonging the Catria chain and the eastern culminating in Monte San Yicino. On the whole of the east side of the Sibilline Mountains, one of the principal constituents of the Central Apennines, there has been a gigantic subsidence, the face of the rupture showing a sheer vertical altitude of some 6500 ft. The culminating peaks of this constituent range reach an altitude of 8125 ft. in Monte de Pretara and 8010 ft. in Monte Vettore. There are snow-fields on various peaks of the Gran Sasso dTtalia, the next (going south) constituent chain of the Central Apennines, as on Monte Corno (above 8530 feet), on Pizzo Intermesole
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(above 8585 ft.), and on Monte Corvo (above 8550 ft.); and it is on the same chain, or rather mountain-knot, that the only glaciers, though in a rudimentary form, occur in the Apennines. They lie in the high valleys above the sources of the Arno, at altitudes of 5400 ft. and upwards, and in the valleys which feed the Yenaquaro (i.e., the Yomano), at altitudes of 6400 ft. and above. It may be mentioned that the last surviving chamois on the Gran Sasso is believed to have been shot in 1880. Monte Amaro, the culminating peak of the Majella Mountains, the next constituent chain, reaches an altitude of 9170 ft. Except for small quantities of anthracite and sulphur, the Apennines contain no minerals, but possess several mineral springs, of which the best known are those at Lucca, Montecatini, San Casciano, Porretta, and Telese. In very many cases the valleys on the east of the Apennines differ from those on the west, in that they are not only shorter, but run transversely to the main axis of the system; whereas, on the west or Mediterranean side, they frequently lie parallel to the axis. The most notable examples of the latter are the upper valleys of the Arno and the Tiber. Above 3000 ft. the Apennines are in general bare and barren of vegetation, except for a little scrub and some scanty pasture in summer; but below that limit their slopes are as a rule the reverse, being well planted with vines, olives, chestnuts, orange, citron, and other fruit trees, besides yielding the usual crops. Of the Apennine lakes, Lake Fucino was drained and made amenable to cultivation in 1876, after more than twenty years’ labour, and Lake Trasimeno was provided with a second outlet in 1896-98. The project of draining the latter, originally suggested by Napoleon L, has been repeatedly under consideration, but as yet has come to nothing. The lakes of Bolsena, Yico, Bracciano, and Albano lie west of the main chain, and are volcanic-crater lakes. The central ranges of the Apennines exercise, as might be expected, an important influence upon the local climatic conditions on both the Adriatic and Atlantic versants. One consequence of their position is that the extremes of temperature diminish as one descends towards the coast, as well as proceeds towards the south. On the Adriatic side, that is, in the provinces of Emilia (part), Umbria, the Marches, and the Abruzzi, the annual mean does not exceed 57 F., the January mean 38T°, or the July mean 75'2 . The difference between the absolute maximum of 1004^ (at Forli) and the absolute minimum of 5° (at Camerino) amounts to 95-4°. The higher parts, as represented by Urbino (1481 ft. above sea-level) and Camerino (2177 ft.), have naturally a lower annual mean (53 ) than places near the coast, such as Forli (163 ft.), Jesi (332 ft.), and Ancona (52 ft.), whose annual mean is 59’60. On the Mediterranean side the annual mean is somewhat higher than the general mean of the Adriatic side, namely, 57•7° (Perugia, at 1706 ft., having a mean of 55-2°, and Leghorn, at 78 ft., 59-7°); but the January mean is appreciably higher, namely, 41'S0, though the July mean is practically the same, 75-4°. The range between the extremes—105-1° at Florence and 12-2“ also at Florence— is also less, namely, 92-9°. Farther south, in Apulia, Basilicata, and Calabria, the annual mean is 58T° (Potenza, 2711 ft., 50-2°; Lecce, 236 ft., 61'9°); the January mean, 42’90; and the July mean, 75‘10. The extremes lie at 93,9° (Lecce), and 13*6° (Potenza). The heaviest rainfall occurs as a rule in the higher mountainous parts ; for instance, at Urbino, an average of 39^ inches falls annually (period of observations, 43 years); at Camerino, 38| in. (47 years); at Siena, 30J in. (55 years); at Florence, 34| in. (65 years); and at Cosenza, 42 in. (19 years). But to this there are some exceptions; for instance, at Aquila, under the shelter of the Gran Sasso, the annual average is only
