486
APOCALYPTIC
APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE 25 j in. (20 years); and at Potenza, in the valley of the of the once inaccessible Abruzzis have now almost entirely Basento, it is 24 in. (15 years). On the west side of the abandoned their brigand habits, and are taking to the peninsula the rainfall is relatively heavier than on the breeding of silkworms and the spinning of silk. Many of east: at Rome, 30-1 in. (69 years); amd Naples, 32 in. them, being still desperately poor, emigrate every summer (73 years); as compared with 264 in. at Ancona (30 as labourers to the big estates of the Agro Romano, beyears), and 23 in. at Lecce (19 years). The main chain tween the Tiber and Civitavecchia. of the Apennines is now crossed or pierced by a dozen See Partsch, in Verhandlungen d. Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin, railway lines, Ay., by the line from Genoa to Alessandria, vol. i. (1889).—Marinelli, in Atti of the First Italian Geog. ConSavona to Turin, Spezia to Parma, Pistoja to Bologna, gress, vol. ii. 2, pp. 637 et seq. ; Globus, vol. Ixxvi. (1899); and Ancona to Rome, the Sulmona- Pescara line, Naples to for the meteorology, Annuario Statistico Italiano, 1895 (Rome, J. T. Be.) Foggia, Salerno to Tarento, and others. The inhabitants 1896). APOCALYPTIC
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APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE. (ii.) Apocalyptic. II.—Hellenistic Jewish THE apocalyptic and apocryphal books of Scripture Literature. Slavonic Enoch. have been generally treated under two distinct heads, (i.) Historical and Legendary. Oracles of Hystaspes. but such a method is certainly unadvisable, since the former Additions Testament of Job. to Daniel. literature constitutes in reality a subdivision of the latter. Additions to Esther. Testaments of the III Patriarchs. Sibylline Oracles. For a general introduction to both these literatures the reader Epistle of Jeremy.should consult Ency. Brit. ii. 174-184; Ency. Bihlica, i. 213- 2 Maccabees. (iii.) Wisdom Literature. 215, 249-250; Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, i. 109-123; 3 Maccabees. 4 Maccabees. Prayer of Manasseh. Kautzsch, Apokryphen u. Pseudepiyraphen, i. pp. xi.-xxiii. Tobit. Wisdom of Solomon. Biblical Apocrypha.—These books will be dealt with under their appropriate heads. They stand in the English I.—Palestinian Jewish Literature. Bible in the following order :—1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesias(i.) Historical. ticus, Baruch, Epistle of Jeremy, Additions to Daniel 1 Ezra or Esdras.—This book called "EcrSpas d in the (Song of the Three Holy Children, History of Susannah, LXX. and “ Liber tertius Esdrse ” in the Vulgate (see Ency. and Bel and the Dragon), Prayer of Manasseh, 1 Maccabees, Brit. viii. 541-542) may safely be regarded as a translation 2 Maccabees. It is hardly possible to form any classifica- from a Hebrew-Aramaic original with the exception of the tion which is not open to some objection. In independent section iii. 1-v. 6, which is probably from the t/oaSifICa" any case classification must be to some ex- Greek (see Nestle, Marginalien und Materialien, 1893, tent provisional, since scholars are still divided pp. 23-29 ; Thackeray in Hastings’ Bible Diet. i. 758-763 ; as to the original language, date, and place of composition Volz in Ency. Biblica, ii. 1488-1494). Since, with the of some of the books which must come under our classifica- above-named exception, this book is an early translation tion.1 In the first place, we must treat separately the from a text superior in many instances to that of the Old Testament and the New Testament literature of this canonical books of 2 Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah, so far nature. In the next place we must discriminate (I.) the as these deal with the rebuilding of the temple, it is of Palestinian and (II.) the Hellenistic literature of the Old no little value in the critical emendation of the texts of Testament. The former was generally written in Hebrew those books (Driver, Introd. to Literature of O.T. p. 554). or Aramaic, and seldom in Greek; the latter naturally in Gwynn and Thackeray adduce some grounds for the view Greek. Next, within these literatures we shall distinguish that'this translation and that of the LXX. of Daniel are three or four classes according to the nature of the subject from the same hand (see Diet. Christ. Biog. iv. p. 977 note). with which they deal. Thus the books of which we have Sir H. Howorth’s opinion [The Academy, 1893, pp. 13, 60, to treat will be classed as—(i.) Historical, (ii.) Legendary 106, 174, 326, 524) that this book is more trustworthy (Haggadic), (iii.) Apocalyptic, (iv.) Sapiential, or belong- than the canonical Ezra has much to be said in its favour. ing to the Wisdom Literature. Its date is very uncertain. Schiirer contents himself with Old Testament Apocalyptic and Apocryphal saying that its composition must be placed before the time Literature. of Josephus. Fritzsche declares it cannot be earlier than I.—Palestinian Jewish (iii.) Apocalyptic. the 1st century B.c. (so Ewald, De Wette). Literature. Apocalypse of Abraham. 1 Maccabees.—To the account of this work in Ency. Brit. (i.) Historical. Apocalypse of Baruch. xv. 131, it will not be necessary to add more than a few 1 Ezra. Ethiopic Book of Enoch. 1 Maccabees. facts. The general credibility of the book is recognized 4 Ezra. History of Johannes Hyrcanus. Assumption of Moses. by recent as well as by earlier research. Willrich (Juden Book of Noah. (ii.) Legendary. und Griechen vor der Makkab. Erhebung, 1895) has given Testament of the XII Patriarchs. good grounds for assuming that the thirteen letters reproBook of Baruch. Psalms of Solomon. Rest of the Words of Baruch. duced in the book have been added by its Greek translator Prayer of Joseph. Martyrdom of Isaiah. from a collection of such authorities in Jerusalem. Book of Eldad and Modad. Book of Jubilees. Apocalypse of Elijah. Judith. Greek MSS. and Texts. —The following MSS. contain 1 MaccaPseudo-Philo’s Liber Antiquita- Apocalypse of Zephaniah. bees
- K, A, Codex Venetus, and 15 cursives. There are several
tum. editions of the text. The textus receptus is found in the Sixtine (iv.) Wisdom Literature. Book of Adam. edition of the LXX. 1587, which is based on the Cod. Yenetus Jannes and Jambres. Pirke Aboth. and on certain unnamed cursives. This text is followed by Joseph and Asenath. Sirach. Parsons and Holmes [Vetus Testamentum Greece, 5 vols. 17981 Thus some of the additions to Daniel and the Prayer of Manasses 1827), who append the variants of 15 cursives, and Tischendorf are most probably derived from a Semitic original written in Palestine, (V. T. Greece, 2 vols. 1887). Fritzsche (Zf5A apoc. V. T. 1871) yet in compliance with the prevailing opinion they are classed under gives an independent text based on N, A, Cod. Yen. and the Hellenistic Jewish literature. Again, the Slavonic Enoch goes back cursives in Parsons and Holmes’s edition. Finally Swete prints undoubtedly in parts to a Semitic original, though most of it was A with variants from X and Cod. Yen. (The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint, 3 vols. 1887-94). written by a Greek Jew in Egypt.
