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558 APPENDIX Die Historien und die Chroniken des Isidorus von Seville, 1874 ; Hertzberg's con- clusions have been modified by Mommsen.] Gregory of Tours in his Historia Francorum (best edition by Arndt and Krusch in the M. G. EL), although he wrote in the last quarter of the 6ixth century, throws some light on the great Hunnio invasion of Gaul and the career of Aetius, especially by his citations from a lost writer, Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus. For the reigns of the Frank kings Childeric and Chlodwig he is our main guide. The sources pf his history have been carefully analysed and its value tested by M. Monod (in his Ehides critiques sur les sources de Vhistoire me'rovingienne, 1872) and G. W. Jun?hans, whose history of the reigns of Childeric and Chlodwig has been translated into French by M. Monod, with additional notes (Histoire critique des rtgnes de Childerich et de Chlodowech, 1879). Compare also F. Stein, Die Urgeschichte der Franken und die Griindung des Frankenreiches durch Chlodwig, 1897; Dahn, Die Konige der Gemanen, vol. vii. (see above, vol. Hi., p. 519, n. 12) ; G. Kurth, Clovis, ed. 2, 1901. Gregory's narrative of these reigns is based in a small part on written documents, — consular annals, — and to a great extent on popular and ecclesiastical legends and traditions. To the first class belong bk. ii., chaps. 18 and 19, on Childeric (the Annals which Gregory used here are conjectured to have been composed in Angers) ; the account of the Burgundian war, a.d. 500, in chaps. 31 and 33 ; and a few other facts and dates. Such a notice, for instance, as : Chlodovechus rex cum Alarico rege Gothorum in campo Vogladense decimo ab urbe Pictava miliario convenit — clearly comes from a chronicle. On the other hand the story of Childeric's flight to Thuringia and marriage with Basina is clearly from an oral source and has undergone the influence of popular imagination. G. Kurth, in his Histoire poetique des Merovingiens, 1893 (to which references have been made above in the footnotes to the text of chap, xxxviii.), has shown that many Merovingian legends which were known to Gregory and have affected his narrative though he does not recount them have been preserved in Fredegarius and the Liber Historian Franoorum (Gesta Francorum). These works the anonymous Chronicle known under the name of Fredegarius (seventh century) and the Liber H. F. have been edited by B. Krusch, in the Merovingian series, vol. ii. of the M. G. H. (1888), who has also edited in the same series, vol. iii., the lives of a number of Gallic saints of the fifth and sixth centuries. The determination of the chronology of Chlodwig's reign would be impossible from Gregory's data alone ; it depends partly on certain data of his contemporary, Marius of Aventicum, who made use of the lost South-Gallic Annals (see above). Thus Marius gives a.d. 548 for the death of Theudebert and a.d. 561 for the death of Chlotachar. We know from Gregory (a) that thirty-seven years elapsed between the death of Chlodwig and that of Theudebert, and (b) that Chlotachar died in the fifty-first year of his reign. These data combined point to a.d. 510 or 511 as the year of Chlodwig's death. The date subscribed to the acts of the Council of Orleans (July 10, 511), held when Chlodwig was still alive, proves that the latter is the true date. The older chronology of Chlodwig's reign has been corrected in several important points by means of other sources, such as the Vita Vedastis, by Jonas (author of the Vita Columbani), ed. by B. Krusch in the Script, rer. German., 1905. For Al-Tabari, whose Annals are important for Persian history in the sixth century, see below, vol. v., Appendix 1. The Codex Justinianus (see chapter xliv.) is our most important source for the legislation and the constitutional history of the Empire from a.d. 455 (date of the last Novel of Marcian) to a.d. 534 (date of 2nd ed. of the Code). It has been edited by Kriiger (1884) and forms vol. ii. of the Berlin ed. of the Corpus Juris Civilis. For the study of the Code, Kruger's work, Kritik des Justinianischen Codex, 1867, is important. The legislation of Justinian is continued in the Novelise, a.d. 534-565, edited by Zacharia von Lingenthal in 2 vols., 1881 (with two Appendices, 1884 and 1891 1 . An important ordinance of Anastasius I., relating to the administra- tion of Libya Pentapolis, and preserved in an inscription found at Ptolemais and trans- ported to the Louvre, has been edited by Zacharia von Lingenthal in the Sitzungs- berichte of the Vienna Academy, 1879, 134 sqq. Coins. (See above, vol. iii. p. 519.) W. Wroth's Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, in 2 vols., 1908, is now the best guide to