wife and enabled him to complete his education. His poems were much admired by Yüan Chi and 陳留 Ch'ên Liu, and he was brought to the notice of Ssŭ-ma Chao (q. v.); from which date his rise in the public service was rapid, until at length he became Minister of State and was ennobled. As Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship he suffered disgrace because one of the beams in the Imperial Temple happened to break, for which he was cashiered; however on the accession of the Emperor Hui Ti in 290 he was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He was put to death by the Prince of Chao, when the latter took up arms against the tyranny of the Empress 賈 Chia, whose cause Chang Hua refused to abandon. He was profoundly learned, and when he changed houses it took thirty carts to carry his library. Author of the 博物志, a collection of articles on various topics of interest. It appears to have perished during the Sung dynasty, and the modern work which passes under that name was probably compiled from extracts found in other books. See Lin Han.
66Chang Huang-yen 張煌言. Died A.D. 1668. The last adherent of the Mings on the Chehkiang coast. A chü jen of the 鄞 Yin District, he embraced the cause of the Prince of La, and rose to be his President of the Board of War. At the head of a naval force he made an incursion up the Yang-tsze, and later on he assisted Koxinga in his raid on Chinkiang, Wuhu, etc. After Koxinga's death, he maintained his independence on the small and barren island of 懸嶴 Hsüan-ao, using trained apes to warn him of the approach of the enemy, and harassing the neighbouring coast of Chehkiang. At length he was betrayed by a lieutenant into the hands of Chao T'ing-ch'ên, who kept him in honourable confinement until his death.
67Chang Hui-yen 張惠言 (T. 皋文). A.D. 1760–1802. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1799, and was employed in a
