elementa, Horat. sat. 1, 1, 26, etc.); ὁ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ λόγος equiv. to ὁ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λόγος ὁ τῆς ἀρχῆς, i. e. the instruction concerning Christ such as it was at the very outset [cf. W. 188 (177); B. 155 (136)], Heb. vi. 1. 2. the person or thing that commences, the first person or thing in a series, the leader: Col. i. 18; Rev. i. 8 Rec.; xxi. 6; xxii. 13; (Deut. xxi. 17; Job xl. 14 (19), etc.). 3. that by which anything begins to be, the origin, active cause (a sense in which the philosopher Anaximander, 8th cent. B.C., is said to have been the first to use the word; cf. Simpl. on Aristot. phys. f. 9 p. 326 ed. Brandis and 32 p. 334 ed. Brandis, [cf. Teichmüller, Stud. zur Gesch. d. Begriffe, pp. 48 sqq. 560 sqq.]): ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως, of Christ as the divine λόγος, Rev. iii. 14 (cf. Düsterdieck ad loc.; Clem. Al. protrept. 1, p. 6 ed. Potter, [p. 30 ed. Sylb.] ὁ λόγος ἀρχὴ θεῖα τῶν πάντων; in Evang. Nicod. c. 23 [p. 308 ed. Tdf., p. 736 ed. Thilo] the devil is called ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ θανάτου καὶ ῥίζα τῆς ἁμαρτίας). 4. the extremity of a thing: of the corners of a sail, Acts x. 11; xi. 5; (Hdt. 4, 60; Diod. 1, 35; al). 5. the first place, principality, rule, magistracy, [cf. Eng. ‘authorities’), (ἄρχω τινός): Lk. xii. 11; xx. 20; Tit. iii. 1; office given in charge (Gen. xl. 13, 21; 2 Macc. iv. 10, etc.), Jude 6. Hence the term is transferred by Paul to angels and demons holding dominions entrusted to them in the order of things (see ἄγγελος, 2 [cf. Bp. Lghtft. on Col. i. 16; Mey. on Eph. i. 21]): Ro. viii. 38; 1 Co. xv. 24; Eph. i. 21; iii. 10; vi. 12; Col i. 16; ii. 10, 15. See ἐξουσία, 4 c. ββ.*
ἀρχηγός, -όν, adj., leading, furnishing the first cause or occasion: Eur. Hipp. 881; Plat. Crat. p. 401 d.; chiefly used as subst. ὁ, ἡ, ἀρχηγός, (ἀρχή and ἄγω); 1. the chief leader, prince: of Christ, Acts v. 31; (Aeschyl. Ag. 259; Thuc. 1, 132; Sept. Is. iii. 5 sq.; 2 Chr. xxiii. 14, and often). 2. one that takes the lead in any thing (1 Macc. x. 47 ἀρχ. λόγων εἰρηνικῶν) and thus affords an example, a predecessor in a matter: τῆς πίστεως, of Christ, Heb. xii. 2 (who in the pre-eminence of his faith far surpassed the examples of faith commemorated in ch. xi.), [al. bring this under the next head; yet cf. Kurtz ad loc.]. So ἀρχηγός ἁμαρτίας, Mic. i. 13; ζήλους, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 14, 1; τῆς στάσεως καὶ διχοστασίας, ibid. 51, 1; τῆς ἀποστασίας, of the devil, Iren. 4, 40, 1; τοιαύτης φιλοσοφίας, of Thales, Aristot. met. 1, 3, 7 [p. 983b 20]. Hence 3. the author: τῆς ζωῆς, Acts iii. 15; τῆς σωτηρίας, Heb. ii. 10. (Often so in prof. auth.: τῶν πάντων, of God, [Plato] Tim. Locr. p. 96 c.; τοῦ γένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων, of God, Diod. 5, 72; ἀρχηγὸς καὶ αἴτιος, leader and author, are often joined, as Polyb. 1, 66, 10; Hdian. 2, 6, 22 [14 ed. Bekk.]). Cf. Bleek on Heb. vol. ii. 1, p. 301 sq.*
ἄρχι, (fr. ἄρχω, ἀρχός), an inseparable prefix, usually to names of office or dignity, to designate the one who is placed over the rest that hold the office (Germ. Ober-, Erz-, [Eng. arch- (chief-, high-)]), as ἀρχάγγελος, ἀρχιποίμην [q. v.], ἀρχιερεύς, ἀρχίατρος, ἀρχιευνοῦχος, ἀρχυπερέτης (in Egypt. inscriptions), etc., most of which belong to Alexand. and Byzant. Grk. Cf. Thiersch, De Pentateuchi versione Alex. p. 77 sq.
ἀρχ-ιερατικός, -ή, -όν, (ἄρχι and ἱερατικός, and this fr. ἱεράομαι [to be a priest]), high-priestly, pontifical: γένος, Acts iv. 6, [so Corp. Inscrr. Graec. no. 4363; see Schürer as cited s. v. ἀρχιερεύς, 2 fin.]. (Joseph. antt. 4, 4, 7; 6, 6, 3; 15, 3, 1.)*
ἀρχ-ιερεύς, -έως, ὁ, chief priest, high-priest. 1. He who above all others was honored with the title of priest, the chief of the priests, כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֺל (Lev. xxi. 10; Num. xxxv. 25, [later כֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ, 2 K. xxv. 18; 2 Chr. xix. 11, etc.]): Mt. xxvi. 3, and often in the Gospels, the Acts, and the Ep. to the Heb. It was lawful for him to perform the common duties of the priesthood; but his chief duty was, once a year on the day of atonement, to enter the Holy of holies (from which the other priests were excluded) and offer sacrifice for his own sins and the sins of the people (Lev. xvi.; Heb. ix. 7, 25), and to preside over the Sanhedrin, or supreme Council, when convened for judicial deliberations (Mt. xxvi. 3; Acts xxii. 5; xxiii. 2). According to the Mosaic law no one could aspire to the high-priesthood unless he were of the tribe of Aaron, and descended moreover from a high-priestly family; and he on whom the office was conferred held it till death. But from the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, when the kings of the Seleucidæ and afterwards the Herodian princes and the Romans arrogated to themselves the power of appointing the high-priests, the office neither remained vested in the pontifical family nor was conferred on any one for life; but it became venal, and could be transferred from one to another according to the will of civil or military rulers. Hence it came to pass, that during the one hundred and seven years intervening between Herod the Great and the destruction of the holy city, twenty-eight persons held the pontifical dignity (Joseph. antt. 20, 10; see Ἄννας). Cf. Win. RWB. s. v. Hoherpriester; Oehler in Herzog vi. p. 198 sqq.; [BB.DD. s. vv. Highpriest, Priest, etc. The names of the 28 (27?) above alluded to are given, together with a brief notice of each, in an art. by Schürer in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1872, pp. 597-607]. 2. The plur. ἀρχιερεῖς, which occurs often in the Gospels and Acts, as Mt. ii. 4; xvi. 21; xxvi. 3; xxvii. 41; Mk. viii. 31; xiv. 1; xv. 1; Lk. xix. 47; xxii. 52, 66; xxiii. 4; xxiv. 20; Jn. vii. 32; xi. 57; xviii. 35; Acts iv. 23; v. 24; ix. 14, 21; xxii. 30; xxiii. 14, etc. and in Josephus, comprises, in addition to the one actually holding the high-priestly office, both those who had previously discharged it and although deposed continued to have great power in the State (Joseph. vita 38; b. j. 2, 12, 6; 4, 3, 7; 9; 4, 4, 3; see Ἄννας above), as well as the members of the families from which high-priests were created, provided they had much influence in public affairs (Joseph. b. j. 6, 2, 2). See on this point the learned discussion by Schürer, Die ἀρχιερεῖς im N.T., in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1872, p. 593 sqq. and in his Neutest. Zeitgesch. § 23 iii. p. 407 sqq. [Prof. Schürer, besides reviewing the opinions of the more recent writers, contends that in no instance where indubitable reference to the heads of the twenty-four classes is made (neither in the Sept. 1 Chr. xxiv
