Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/211

VI] Self-control 195 The bhavasaqwaras are (I) the vows of non-injury, truthfulness, a bstinence from stealing, sex -control, and non-acceptance of objects of desire, (2) samitis consisting of the use of trodden tracks in order to avoid injury to insects (irya), gentle and holy talk bhaa), re- ceiving proper alms (ea"!la), etc., (3) gup/is or restraints of body, speech and mind, (4) dharmas consisting of habits of forgive- ness, humility, straightforwardness, truth, cleanliness, restraint, penance, abandonment, indifference to any kind of gain or loss, and supreme sex-controP, (5) a1lupreka consisting of meditation about the transient character of the world, about our helplessness without the truth, about the cycles of world-existence, about our own responsibilities for our good and bad actions, about the difference between the soul and the non-soul, about the unclean- liness of our body and all that is associated with it, about the in- fl ux of karma and its stoppage and the destruction of those karmas which have already entered the soul, about soul, matter and the substance of the universe, about the difficulty of attaining true knowledge, faith, and conduct, and auout the essential prin- ciples of the world 2 , (6) the pariahajaya consisting of the con- quering of all kinds of physical troubles of heat, cold, etc., and of feelings of discomforts of various kinds, (7) caritra or right cond uct. Next to this we come to nirjara or the purging off of the karmas or rather their destruction. This nirjara also is of two kinds, bhavanirjara and dravyanirjara. Bhavanirjara means that change in the soul by virtue of which the karma particles are destroyed. Dravyanirjara means the actual destruction of these karma particles either by the reaping of their effects or by penances before their time of fruition, called savipaka and avipaka nirjaras respectively. When all the karmas are destroyed moka or liberation is effected. Pudgala. The ajiva (non-living) is divided into pudgalastikaya, dharma stiktiya, adharmastikaya, tiktisastikaya, kala, pU1J.ya, papa. The word pudgala means matter 3 , and it is called astikaya i11 the sense that it occupies space. Pudgala is made up of atoms I Tattvlzrth,zdhigamasutra. 2 Ibid. 3 This is entirely different from the Buddhist sense. With the Buddhists pttdgala means an individual or a person.