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VII] Sii'J!lkhya in Caraka 21 3 Amongst the modern works to which I owe an obligation I may mention the two treatises Mechanical,physical and clzemical theories of the A nczellt Hindus and the Positive Sdences of tIle A llcient Hindus by Dr B. N. Seal and my two works on Yoga Study of P atanjali pub- lished by the Calcutta University, and Yoga Philosoplzy ill relatioJz to other Indian Systems of Thought which is shortly to be published, and my Natural Pllilosoplzy of the Alldellt Hindus, awaiting publi- cation with the Calcutta University. GUI:taratna mentions two other authoritative Sarpkhya works, viz. 11i iifharabhliya and A treyatantra. Of these the second is probably the same as Caraka's treatment of Sarpkhya, for we know that the sage Atri is the speaker in Caraka's work and for that it was called A treyasa1!zlzitii or A treya tan tra. Nothing is known of the .hi iit!tarabhiiya 1. An Early School of Saf!1khya. I t is important for the history of Sarpkhya philosophy that Caraka's treatment of it, which so far as I know has never been dealt with in any of the modern studies of Sarpkhya, should be brought before the notice of the students of this philosophy. According to Caraka there are six elements (dhiitus), viz. the five elements such as akasa, vayu etc. and cetana, called also purua. From other points of view, the categories may be said to be twenty-four only, viz. the ten senses (five cognitive and five conative), manas, the five objects of senses and the eightfold prakrti tprakrti, mahat, aharpkara and the five elements )2. The manas works through the senses. I t is atomic and its existence is proved by the fact that in spite of the existence of the senses there cannot be any knowledge unless manas is in touch with them. There are two movements of manas as indeterminate sensing (ltha) and conceiving( viciira) before definite understanding (buddhi) arises. Each of the five senses is the product of the combination of five elements but the auditory sense is made with a preponderance of akasa, the sense of touch with a preponderance 1 Readers unacquainted with Sarpkhya- Yoga may omit the following three sections at the time of first reading. 2 Puru!iia is here excluded from the list. Cakrapal).i, the commentator, says that the prakrti and puru both being unmanifested, the two together have been counted as one. Prakrtivyatiriktaiicodiisilla,!1 purufamazryaktatvasiidharmyiit avyaktiiyiim prakrtiiveva prakfiPya avyaktafabdenaiva grh1Jf.Ui. Harinatha Visarada's edition of Caraka, Siirira, p. 4.