Tamra (copper-coloured) is a membrane an eighth part of a grain of barley in thickness.
Vedini (sensible) is the thickness of the fifth part of a grain of barley. Erysipelas begins in this layer.
Lohini has the thickness of a barley corn and is the seat of tumour.
Mansadhara (flesh-holding) is the thickness of two barley corns. It retains the muscles in their places and is the seat of boils.
These layers are distinguishable only in the region of the belly and a few other parts.
A man's body has nine orifices — two nostrils, two ears, two eyes, the mouth, the anus and the meatus urinarius. The female has three more, namely, the openings of the lactiferous ducts and the orifice of the vagina.
Hindoo anatomy recognises certain Marmasthanas (vitals ?) in the body which are most essential to life and to sound health. They are to be carefully preserved against all injury, and are arranged in five groups according to their regions and the consequences they produce when wounded : (a) parts which if wounded cause immediate death : there are nineteen such ; (b) those which if injured cause a lingering death : there are thirty-
