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Lea: A History of the Inquisition of Spain 359 The Church, which had so often laid hindrances in the way of the cen- tral authority, then came forward and helped the State to raise the means. Out of the necessities of the Holy Land, which united in sympathy all that was called Christian, modern tax legislation arose. Professor Cartellieri shows that the union of France and England in the crusade was but a brief and imperfectly realized interlude in the rivalry of the Plantagenet and Capetian houses. He makes evident the difficult position of Philip during the trying winter in Sicily and the siege of Acre in the face of the better equipment, more extensive means, and overbearing conduct of Richard I., and vindicates for the French king a high degree of political wisdom in a situation fraught with the gravest dangers. In Professor Cartellieri, Philip has a warm and on the whole successful defender. Even his abandonment of the crusade is fully justified in the view of the biographer (p. 261) : He had the welfare of France singly and alone in view, and there- fore his act, which wounded the religious feelings of his contemporaries, deserves high recognition from the point of view of the French mon- archy. But from the point of view of the crusade even it deserves no blame, since, though highly disagreeable, it was the consequence and not by any means the cause of an untenable situation. What deserves the sharpest blame is the perpetual discord and selfishness of occidental as well as of oriental Christians. Herein lay an insuperable hindrance to the restoration of sound conditions in Palestine. But if it is asked, who sowed the discord, the chief responsibility falls on Richard. Whether Philip deserves this degree of clearance from blame for the failure of an undertaking of such magnitude and public interest or not. Professor Cartellieri has made an effective presentation in his be- half. The volume with its ample bibliography and appendixes well sus tains the promise that, if its author's intention is carried out, we shall have an adequate biography of one of the most interesting and significant of medieval sovereigns. WiLLISTON W.LKER. A History of the Inquisition of Spain. By Henry Charles Le., LL.D. In four volumes. Volume II. (New York: The Mac- millan Company; London: Macmillan and Company. 1906. Pp. xi, 608.) The second volume of Mr. Lea's great work on the Spanish Inquisi- tion deals with its jurisdiction, its organization, its revenues, and its procedure. Its jurisdiction was limited to heresy; but heresy, as Mr. Lea shows, was a comprehensive term. It included all lapses into Judaism or Mohammedism; for all but christianized Jews and Moors had been driven from Spain, and, once baptized, all apostasy was heresy. It included, for reasons known only to the Inquisition, all seduction of penitents by their confessors. It included not only all conscious vari- ance from the prescribed religion, but all accidental and unconscious