Page:American Historical Review, Volume 12.djvu/618

6o8 Reviews of Books with a section devoted to the Swiss, who first, in the author's view, reveal modern tendencies in the conduct of war, not as occasional eccen- tricities but as fixed principles. The early " Ritter " and " Fussvolk " are not what are now called cavalry and infantry. A true infantry is first developed by the Swiss. In the battles of Laupen, Sempach, Granson, Murten, and Nancy we have once more an infantry com- parable to the phalanx and legion. The origin of firearms and their place in the development of the subject will be discussed in the next volume. ^ rp T,r C. T. Wyckoff. L'Eglisc cf rOrient an Moycn Age: Lcs Croisadcs. Par Louis Brehier. (Paris: Librairie Victor Lecoffre. 1907 [1906]. Pp. xiii, 377.) Tins is one of the volumes in the Bibliothcqnc dc rEnscigncmcnt dc I'Histoire Ecclcsiastiquc, begun in 1898. In order to judge the book fairly it is necessary to state the publishers' purpose. They are attempt- ing to carry out the project of Pope Leo XIII., the composition of an " histoire ecclesiastique universelle mise au point des progres de la critique de notre temps ". The volumes are not intended as manuals for secondary schools or for the general public, but rather for advanced students. As a whole M. Brehier's work is successful. It is a useful sum- mary, dealing mainly, as the subtitle indicates, with the Crusades. But the first three chapters give an account of the relations between the East and the West before the period of the Crusades. The author was especially competent to write this portion because of his studies on Les Colonies d'Orientaux en Occident au Commencement dii Moyen Age and Le Schisme Oriental du XI" Siecle (1899). The volume ends with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Viewed as a history of the Crusades, the most novel feature is the relatively large amount of space given to the account of the Christian missions in the East and the theoretical propagandists of the later centuries. As this volume is intended as a guide for advanced students, it contains much bibliographical matter. The introduction is on " les sources et les instruments de travail ". It contains some curious errors which produce a bad impression. The Rolls Series (p. xi) is credited with only ninety-eight volumes; the Societe de I'Histoire de France with only eighty-five volumes ; and there are other similar misstatements. In fact, this general bibliography needs to be carefully corrected and brought down to date. On the other hand, the bibliographies for the separate chapters are well selected and comparatively full. Occasion- ally {e. g., pp. 88, 117, 183) German fragmentary editions of French and English sources are cited instead of the complete and more satis- factory French or English editions. Throughout the notes the proof- reading has been careless. As a whole the facts concerning the Crusades are stated accurately.