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Ach

( 3 )

Ade

orig. sense, ‘to utter Ach’ (formed like ihrzen, dutzen).

Achat, m., ‘agate,’ from MidHG. achât, achâtes, equiv. to Gr-Lat. achates.

Ache, Rhen. for Nachen.

Achel, see Ähre.

acheln, Jew., ‘to eat,’ from Heb. âkhàl, ‘to eat.’

Achse, f., ‘axle, axis,’ from the equiv. MidHG. ahse, OHG. ahsa, f.; comp. Du. as, AS. eax, f., E. axle (even in MidE. eaxel-tree occurs, E. axle-tree), with deriv. l, like OIc. öxull, m., ‘axle'; Goth. *ahsa, or rather *ahsuls, is, by chance, not recorded. The stem ahsô-, common to the Teut. languages, from pre-Teut. aksâ, is widely diffused among the Aryan tongues; it is primitively related to Sans. ákša, m., Gr. ἄξων, Lat. axis, OSlov. osĭ, Lith. aszìs, ‘axle'; the supposition that the Teut. cognates were borrowed is quite unfounded; comp. Rad. The orig. sense of Aryan akso- remains obscure; with the root ag, ‘to drive,’ some have connected Lat. ago, Gr. ἄγω. See the following word.

Achsel, f., ‘shoulder,’ from the equiv. MidHG. ahsel, OHG. ahsala, f.; comp. AS. eaxl, OIc. ǫxl, f., ‘shoulder'; Goth. *ahsla, f., is wanting. It is probable that the Teut. word is connected with the O. Aryan Achse; Lat. axilla (Olr. oxal), ‘arm-pit,’ and âla, ‘arm-pit, wing,’ are also cognate with it. In OTeut., Goth. *ahsla (Aryan *akslâ) has a still wider family, since forms with Teut. ô, Aryan â in the stem belong to it; comp. AS. ôxn, ôcusla, ‘arm-pit,’ and OHG. wohsana, MidHG. üehse, wohse, f., ‘arm-pit,'Du. oksel,’ shoulder.’

acht, num., ‘eight,’ from the equiv. MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahto, common to the Teut. and also to the Aryan groups. Comp. Goth. ahtau, AS. eahta, E. eight, Du. acht, OSax. ahto; further, Sans. ašṭáu, Gr. ὀκτώ, Lat. octo, OIr. ocht, Lith. asztu̇nì, prim. Aryan oktô, or rather oktôu, ‘eight.’ Respecting acht Tage see the historical note under Nacht.

Acht, f., ‘outlawry, ban,’ from MidHG. âhte, œhte, f., ‘pursuit, proscription, outlawry, ban’; OHG. âhta (AS. ôht), f., ‘hostile pursuit.’ Goth. *âhtjan. ‘to pursue,’ is wanting. Comp. OSax. âhtian, AS. êhtan (from anhtjan), ‘to pursue.’ Teut. *añhtian, ‘to pursue,’ and *anhtô, ‘pursuit,’ seem to be based on a non-dental root, which is perhaps connected with the cognates of eng (Aryan root angh).

achten, vb., ‘to have regard to, esteem, value,’ from MidHG. ahten, OHG. ahtôn, ‘to heed, ponder, take care’; allied to MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahta, f., ‘heed, paying attention.’ Comp. Du. achten, AS. eahtian, ‘to ponder'; also with deriv. l, OIc. œtla (Goth. *ahtilôn), ‘to suppose, think.’ It is based upon a Teut. root ah, ‘to suppose, think’; comp. Goth. aha, ‘understanding,’ ahjan, ‘to believe,’ ahma, ‘spirit.' The Aryan root ak is widely diffused, yet no other language coincides with the signification of the Teut. cognates.

achter, LowG. for after.

Achterwasser, ‘back-water.’ See under After.

ächzen, vb., see ach.

Acker, m., ‘field, arable land,’ from the equiv. MidHG. acker, OHG. acchar (ahhar), m.; a common Teut. and OAryan word corresponding to Goth. akrs, m., AS. œcer, E. acre (aker), Du. akker, OSax. akkar. Teut. *akra-z, m., from pre-Teut. agro-s; comp. Sans. ájra-s, m., ‘pasture-ground, plain, common,’ Gr. ἀγρός, Lat. ager (stem agro-), ‘field.’ It is certainly connected with the Ind. root aj, ‘to drive' (comp. Trift, allied to treiben), Lat. ago, Gr. ἄγω, to which in OIc. aka, ‘to drive,’ was allied. “Thus âjra- signifies in the widest sense ‘field and common,’ orig. as ‘pasture-land,’ the greatest part of which, when tillage supplanted the rearing of cattle, was used for crops.” The transition in meaning was, probably, completed on the migration of the Western Aryans to Europe; moreover, the root ar, ‘to plough, till,’ is West Aryan; comp. Gr. ἀρόω, Lat. arare, Goth. arjan, OHG. erian, OBulg. orati, ‘to plough.’ See Art.

Adebar, m. (Holland, ooijevaar), a Low G. name for the stork, MidLG. odevare, MidHG. odebar, OHG. odobëro (in Old Ger. times the term was, moreover, prevalent in Germany). No certain explanation of the word can be given; it is most frequently interpreted as ‘bringer of children, of good luck' (comp. Allod). Respecting the LG. vowel-sounds see Aberglaube.

Adel, m., ‘nobility,’ from MidHG. adel, m., n., ‘lineage, noble lineage, noble rank, perfection,’ OHG. adal, n. (and edili, n.), ‘lineage, esp. noble lineage’; corresponding to OSax. aðali, n., ‘body of nobles, notables, nobility,’ Du. adel, AS. œðelu, n. plur., ‘noble birth,’ OIc. aƀal, ‘disposition, talent, lineage.’ In Goth. the stem