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ESSAY III
177
66. Illustrations of the passive formatives. Mak., from the Jayalangkara : “(Jayalangkara saw the snake), then he was frightened” = Was + frightened J. = taq-baṅka (mi) Jayalaṅkara. Old Malagasy, from the sermon Tonih Zańahary : “Noah was saved alive” = The N. was + saved + alive = ra Nuhu winelun. Basa Sangiang, from the 14th Dirge : “Supported by the sheath of a sword” = S. sword-sheath = kañokah kumpaṅ. Modern Jav., from the drama Prabu Dewa Sukma, 8th Act: " It is not known whether the corpse has been hacked to pieces or burnt " = Not + know, hacked + to + pieces, burnt = tambuh cinacah kabĕsmi.
67. Shades of meaning conveyed by the passive formatives. Of the two chief passive formatives, in and ta-, or tar-, the first generally forms a pure passive, the other often involves a suggestion of unintentional action, chance happening, or possibility. — Illustrations. Mak., from the third Elegy: “(I would keep her) in a casket that could not be opened” = In c. not to + be + opened that = ri patti ta taqsuńke ya. Mkb., from the Manjau Ari: "Innumerable is the number of the prawns " = Not to + be + counted number prawns = tidaq tabado bañaq udan.
68. As in the cases of the active and causative, we will here enumerate all the passive formatives that are to be found in a particular language; in this instance we select Day.:
Formative ba-bakunci, " to be locked ".
i-iagah, " to be led ".
ta-talenten, " to be lopped ".
tar-tar ajar, " to be teachable ".
tapa-tapaisä, " to be counted ".
Note. — The Day. formative tapa- also appears, as tafa-, in Hova, a point not to be overlooked.
69. As in the cases of the active and causative, so here too in connexion with the passive we will give an instance of the same WB and the same formative running together through a
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