1896
is responsible for most of the phenomena of protective coloration except those properly called mimicry.
Naturalists have long recognized the fact that the coloring of many animals makes them difficult to distinguish, and have called the whole phenomenon protective coloration, little guessing how wonderful a fact lay hidden under the name.
Mimicry makes an animal appear to be some other thing, whereas this newly discovered law makes him cease to appear to exist at all. The following are some examples of true mimicry. The Screech Owl, when startled, makes himself tall and slim, and with eyes shut to a narrow line simulates a dead stub of the tree on which he sits. Certain Herons stretch their necks straight upward, and with head and green beak pointed at the zenith, pass themselves off for blades of sedge grass. Certain harmless snakes spread their heads out flat, in imitation of their poisonous cousins, and rattle with their tails in the leaves. Many butterflies have stone or bark-colored under sides to their wings, which make them look like a bit of bark or lichen when they sit still on a stone or tree trunk with wings shut over their backs.
The newly discovered law may be stated thus : Animals arc- painted by nature, darkest on those parts which tend to be most lighted by the sky's light, and vice versa.
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The accompanying diagram illustrates this statement. Animals are colored by nature as in A, the sky lights them as in B, and the two effects cancel each other, as in C. The result is that their gradation of light and shade, by which opaque solid
