PAINTERS AND EXGRAVERS.
CHRISTOPHE, Claude, a French historical ar.d
portrait painter, who flourished at Nancy in the
early part of the 18th century, was a native of
Verdun. He studied under Rigaud, and gave up-
wards of two hundred pictures to the poor churches
of Lorraine.
CHRISTOPHE, Joseph, the brother of Claude Christophe, was born at Verdun in 1662. In 1696 he painted as a " mai " for Notre-Darae the ' Jlira- cle of the Loaves and Fishes.' He was received into the Academy in 1702, and in 1724 became painter to the Archduke Leopold, for whom he executed many portraits. At Versailles there is by him ' The Baptism of the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV.' He died in Paris in 1748.
CHUPPIN, MtoARD, a French historical painter, flourished at Nancy from 1542 to 1580. He was a pupU of Hugues de La Fare, whose picture of the 'Last Supper,' in the church of the Cordeliers at Nancy, he finished with credit to himself after the death of his master. He worked almost always in conjunction with Claudin Crocs. He was painter to the Duke of Lorraine, as were likewise Charles Chuppin, his son, and Nicolas Chdfpin, his brother.
CHURCH, Frederick Edwin, American land- scape painter, born in Hartford, Connecticut, May 4, 1826. He became a pupil of Thomas Cole in Catskill, where he worked several years before establishing himself in New York city. His pictures attracted much notice, and he became a full member of the National Academy in 1849. In 1853 and 1857 he travelled in South America, and exhibited his large picture, 'The Heart of the Andes,' in 1859, which created a sensation. Later he visited Labrador, and his 'Icebergs ' was shown in London in 1863. Three years later he went to the West Indies, and in 1868 made his first trip through Europe, going also to Palestine and Greece, where he painted some important pictures. His best-known work is that of ' 'The Great Falls at Niagara' (1857), which, originally purchased by John Taylor Johnstone, was bought, at the sale of his collection in 1876, by the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington for £5000. This picture was awarded a second-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. He was a great admirer of Turner, whose influence can be traced in many details of his work. He died in New York on April 7, 1900. P. P.
CHURCHMAN, John, was a miniature painter, who died in London in 1780.
CIAFFERI, PiETRO, called Lo Smabgiasso, was bom at Pisa about 1600, and flourished, according to Lanzi, about the year 1654. He belongs to the Florentine school, and painted marine subjects and seaports, which his residence at Leghorn enabled him to study from nature. His pictures are highly finished, and ornamented with small figures cor- rectly drawn. He also painted architectural and perspective views, and sacred subjects. His works are principally at Pisa and Leghorn. An ' Ecce Homo ' by him is in the Pitti Palace, Florence.
CIALDIERI, GiROLAMO, was born at Urbino in 1593, and was a scholar of Claudio Ridolfi. He painted several pictures at Rome for the churches. His best work is the ' Martyrdom of St. John,' in San Bartolomineo. He flourished about 1640.
CIAMBERLANO, Luca, was born at Urbino about the year 1580. In the early part of his life he applied himself to the study of civil law, in which he had taken a doctor's degree, when he abandoned the study of jurisprudence to devote himself to painting and engraving, particularly the latter. From 1599 to 1641 he resided at Rome, where he executed a great nun.ber of p'ates from his own designs, as well as after the works of the most celebrated Italian painters, in the style of Agostino Carracci. His plates, amounting to 114, are entirely executed with the graver, which he handled with neatness and intelligence ; his draw- ing of the figure is tolerably correct. He some- times signed his plates with his name, and some- times marked them with the cipher Among them are the following:
Thirteen plates of Christ and the twelve Apostles; St. Jerome dead, lying upon a stone ; after Raphael. St. Thomas ; after Unssano. Niu,e plates of Angels carrying the instruments of the Passion. Duke Francesco Maria II. of Urbino. Christ on tlie Mount of Ohves ; after A. Casolnno. Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen ; after Federiijo Barocci, 1609. Christ appearing to St. Theresa ; after Carracci.
CIAJIPELLI, Agostino, was born at Florence in 1578. He was educated under Santo Titi, and went afterivards to Rome, where he distinguished himself by his efforts. He was employed by Pope Clement VIII., and executed several paintings in the Lateran and Vatican palaces. In the church of Santa Maria in Traslevere is a ' Dance of Angrls,' and in Santa Pudenziana is a picture representing ' Holy Women intemng the bodies of the Martyrs.' In the Jesuit Church are two of his finest works in fresco, the ' Martyrdom of St. Andrew,' and in the ceiling a ' Glory of Saints and Angels.' In San Prassede he painted in oil, for his patron the Cardinal de' Medici, the ' Crucifixion ' ; and in San Stefano di Pescia is his celebrated picture of the 'Visitation of the Virgin to St. Elizabeth,' with two wings. He died at Rome in 1640.
CIARLA, Raffaello, a painter of Urbino, flour- ished about the middle of the 16th century, and excelled in painting majolica vases, which were especially admired at the Spanish Court. He was so skilful in imitating the great masters, that his works have often been confounded with those of Raphael. The identity of Christian name and of birthplace have doubtless had much to do with this confusion. He was a pupil of Orazio Fontana.
CIARPI, Baccio, was born at Florence in 1578, and was a scholar of Santo Titi. He was a good painter of historical subjects, of which he gave proof in his works in the Chiesa della Concezione of the Capuchins at Rome. Ciarpi was the in- structor of Pietro da Cortona. He died in 1642.
CIARTRES. See Rasset.
CIBOT, Francois Barthelemy Michel Edouard, a French historical and landscape painter, was born in Paris in 1799. His masters were Guerin and Picot. His most important work is the series of paintings representing ' Charity,' in the church of St. Leu at Paris. About 1853 he applied him- self to landscape painting. He died in Paris in 1877. Amongst his best works are :
The Loves of the Angels, 1835. Eegina CoeU, 1846, St. Theresa, 1847. Convicts in 1788, 1836. Chest- nut-tre£9 at Aulnay, lf55. Purk at Orsay, 1857. The Gouffre. near Seineport, 1S64. (In the Luxem- bourg Gallery.) View at Soisy-sur-Ecolle, 1865.
CICCIO. See Solivena.
CICERI, Bernardino, was born at Pavia in 1650,
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