THEOLOGY
596
THEOLOGY
holism Both positive and speculative theolp£
recei^^d a new lease of Ufe the former through Klee
(d 840), the latter through Staudenme.er(d. 1856 .
At the same time men like Kleutgen (d. 18M),
Werner td 1888), and Stockl (d- 18«5) earne^ for
the despsed Scholasticism a new place of honour by
heir thorough historical and systematic y-'^^^^^- In France and Belgium the dogmatic theolo^ of Cardinal Gousset (d 1866) of Reims and the vyitmgs S Sp Malou of Bruges, (d. 1865) exerted groat influence In North America the works of ArUi- hishop Kenri^k (d. 1863) did untold good Cardinal Camme ^"azzel la (d. 1900) is to be ranked among
the North American theologians, as he wrote his
In Italv, where the better traditions had ne^er been forgo ten, far-seeing men like Sansevenno d irm/ Liberatore (d. 1892), and Tongiorgi (d 1865) Bet to work tores ore Scholastic philosophy, because it w-iTs found to be the most effective weapon against hrerrors of the time, i. e. traditionalism and ontolo- gism which had a numerous follo^.ng among Cath-
and pe meated all nations. Germany, where Baader M 1841) Giinther, and Frohschammer (d. 1893) contmied to spread their errors, shared in the general uph" and produced a number "f P^?^-;"^Ser g ans, as Kuhn (d. 1887), Berlage {d l^SD, U ermger (d 1876), Oswald (d. 1903) KnoU (d- 1863^, Den ,in<rpr rd 1883), v. Schazler (d. 1880), tsernara JunSiann (d 1895), Heinrich (d. 1891) and others But^ermanv's gi-ealest theologian at this time was lo^enh ™cheeben (d. 1888), a man of remarkable te for speculation. In the midst of this universal rpnw'ikenins the Vatican Council was held (18<0), and the Enfvclical of Pope Leo XIII on the value of Scholastic, -eBpecially T^-o^-tic ph. osophy and theoloev was issued (18/9). Both tliese e\ " , becam? landmarks in the history « do^iat.c theol- nirv An energet c activity was put forth in ever j h?lnch of sacred science and is still maintained Even though consulting the needs of the time and ho hostile situation, theologians j;"!"^?,' ^ . "^"^*
- «id ouslv historical studies, such as Church histor>s
Chl-lian archeology, history of dogma and hjstor> of relieion vet signs are not wanting that, side ny 'dr.fth"positive' theology, Scholasticism also -1 enter upon a new era of progress. Histor> ^'"^f "\'J^ pe odlTof progress in theology a^vays fohow in the wake of great o'cuinenical councils. After 'he nrsi
In general cf LaJOHEt t „up^ or ^^^^ ;^. posaE-
iig, 1722), }-A^E. ^'^?~T(C7r,). FABRicirs. Bibliotheca latxna
in ispecialM dx San Tommaso < \ ti i ,_„ick 1908).
Geschichte des Jdeahsmus (2nd ert ^,^^^^
An invaluable work of reference is II ^ Britlani-
regard to the several countnes cf. 1 ,'et Hibemia
ci^mbernica sen de scrjptonbus <rui^. -^ ,_^ j, g;
ad scec. T.iii i"i'i^\flr:T'hilio^Thma\rc de a France (12 The MAUE.STS pub hsted Ht^o.re^^ «^^^^^^ ,^^ iKsxixtrr de
vols., Pans, l'f*^J'.^'vS?/:,QnfiV Mazzucbelu, Gh scntton France (20 vols., Pans, 181+-1906). Mamucb . ^^^^
d- Italia (2 vols., Brescia 1753-63^ T'nA=o|^Hl _^^^^^^
Letteralura ttaliana (13 ^j'^-' ™,°?Xr' (2nd ed Munich, 1897); Geschichte d^bvzanUmschenLUY9t^r^2^'iJa j^-" jgg^, .
?ha'bot' CofX 3->°-™ cfZil'nt^TLUuun.^V^.
bire 1754) Tassin. m.loire Wterairede la f o««rr„„ ,n,. /. .W Mate (Bassets, 1770); Wading, Sc^P;' , , ; ; , '„ ,„.. „
(2nd ed.. 2 vols., Rome, ISOfKnE ^1ARJI _ , „, ^^
les traditions franciscaines (Pans. 188^); J, „ , ,,,, , p.burg.
u-issenschafihchen Studien i'^^/fZ^'Y,pr,j,lir„l.,n,m (2 vols..
Bibliotheca Augusumana ^ r""^^^';^,! /^m S-'SeioTis Jesu o1™^g^!a^btscl^wI^t HAt.^c"K!'T\ll^^^^^^ -ay also be
-^r^::^r^-s,.c.aui.r^^c..t.p^^
Christian Literature and Dodnne ;rom mc i/tui p' ^^ yfce
^!Le Council (3 ™'|v,Lo^d7^1ST/^^^^^^^ Anienicene Fathers. A '^^f'}"") pSlj,, Christianity (2 vols., Crcttwell, a Literary Hutory ff^jr^^^^"^'^,orico-litteraria London, 1893): S™oesema>.n, ^avNwtnj^.^^ M. et Isidorum
Patrum latmoruui n l< i -.|'>-q4)- Harnack. Geschichte der
Hispalensem(.2y'l 1 ; ;• -.'^/fg'vols! Leipzig. 1S93-1904); altchristhcheii Lii' , , ,' „ l<i4n)- Mign-e-Sevesthe, Dic-
MoHLER, Palr>'l'": ■ 1"" ' "'p'ris is.M-.-i.Vl: Nn»rHL, Lehr- burh der Patrologie u. Patnstik (3 \ o\i^ m . ^ kssler-
nrundriss der Patrologie (4th ed., rrf > ^ , jj,g(j_
Jrv.iMANN, /"»'«'•■■""■« ^".T"'""! '7,,; , / , „„r.I-II
lS<ir,); BaRDENHEWEB Geschichte, Ifr nil. ^ l.>,.iln,ri:. 1910):
(Freiburg, 1902-03).: Idem. P<i(r,,A ■ ; ' , ; ,,.reiburg. 1910): RAt-.'^fHEN, Grundnss der Fatr,^^ . , , ^ 7.,t der Kirchen-
STiirKi., Geschichte der chrisll. /-■" . ,,;,, .Uo- A. Harnack ■.Iter (Mainz, 1891). P^^'Vi'/^fXlZcn zurG°schieUe der alt- X,. C. Schmidt, Texte u ^'S^'f.^X 'nson, TeMs and Studies
fcTr^iXr'T8^1-)r'H™«-i'--- ^«'" ^ °°"""""
(Paris. 1904—). esoecially Scheeben,
With regard to th M.ddle Age^ e . «^e^c,al^5^ ^ ^.^^
Dogmatik. I. <Fre>burf . 1*^3) 4..J sQq^^ 1909-11): IpEM^ l" der scholaslichen Melhode 1 • 11 (^r^^" | s^„,„,(a-:. Sio-
cf. BtlL^ns, Htstoria 1;""^*^™ ifiue/aflcrs, I (Berlin. 1885): Denifij:, Die f^""'<-"'" "^j'",,j'r"7m i;mrcrs.ta/.-s Pqr.>.>n- Denifle and Chateuain. r*ar(..(ar>^m u t,„,r„„„„ „/
t;, (4 vols.. Paris. 1^89-9'). l"s"J'A;;'^'pi._ La FaeuUt dt Elrile)n\heM,ddleAg^l^0.ior^^^^^^^^
ThMoaie penda„t la pr«m*re XlyMe^J,'" Johrh. bis zum iuc«lT.U Geschichte des '*ff*™(j!;Xrg. 1899-1903) ; F.bert, Ausgang ^"^"'"'^'"'/"^■VVJfJral ,r do" iuttelaltcrs <"•■•»,'"■"'?-
tr. Coffey (London, 1 ■'";"•• .ittAjJ-Rti) • BXrMKER m Die Atil-
