YEAR
■33
YORK
lirowing lighted torches into the grave with the corpse
nd wailing nightly at the spot for several months,
'hey believed in a good and a bad spirit, but prayed
nly to the bad spirit, on the ground that the other
'ould not injure them anyhow.
DuMoxT. //i'5/. Louisiana, Memoires historiques sur la Louisi- ^€ in French Hisl. Colts, of La. (New York, 1853); Jesuit Rela- ons, od. Thwaites ("3 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901).
J.4.MES ISIOGNET.
Year, Ecclesiastical. See Calendar, Christian. Yeax, Hebrew. See Calendar, Jewish.
Yellow-Knives, a sub-arctic Ddn6 tribe, called le Copper Indians by Hoarne and other early Eng- sh writers, and Red Knives by Mackenzie and ranklin. To the number of about .500 they range 3-da5' over the dreary wastes which lie to the north- Eist of Great Slave Lake. But about a century and
lialf ago they hunted more usually along the banks f the Coppermine River, to the north of their present abitat. Their name is derived from the knives which liey used to make in prehistoric times out of the opper which was foimd within their territory, "his was found scattered on the slopes of a mountain 'hich, at an early date, attracted the attention of ie fur-traders on Hudson Bay. This would-be line occasioned Hearne's exjjedition to the mouth f the stream which flowed by the base of the copper- earing mountain, which has since been known as lie Coppermine. According to the national legend f these Indians, this treasure had been shown them y a woman who, having been abused by those who ad benefited by her revelation, gradually sank in lie ground, and with her disappeared most of tlie opper. ^^'hen first met by the whites, the Yellow- Liiives were a comparatively bold, quite unscrupulous, nd very licentious tribe, whose members too often 3ok advantage of the gentleness of their congeneric eighbours to commit acts of high-liandedness which Itimately brought on them bloody retribution. )wing to the segregation forced on them by the nature f their habitat, they have remained one of the tribes >ast affected by civilization. They are now Cath- lics, and their spiritual needs are attended to by the )l)late missionaries of two missions lying on the orthcrn shore of Great Slave Lake.
Hearne, a Journey from Prince of Wa!es' Fort in Hudson's '■ay to the Northern Ocean (London, 1795); Petitot, Autour du rand Imc dcs Esdarct (Paris, 1891); MoRicE, The Great Dtnt 'ace (Vienna, in course of publication, 1912).
A. G. Morice.
York, .\ncient See of (Eboracensis), the seat of metropolitan jurisdiction for the northern province. t is not known when or how Christianity first reached !'ork, but there was a bishop there from very early imes, though there is a break in the historical con- inuity between these early prelates and the arch- lishops of a later date. At the Council of Aries 314) "Eborus episcopus de civitate Eboracensis" ,'as present, and bishops of York were also present t the Councils of Nica;a, Sardica, and Ariminum. Jut this early ('hristian community was blotted out >y the pagan Saxons leaving no trace except the lames of three bishops, Sampson, PjTamus, and ^heodicus, handed down by legendary tradition. Mien St. Gregory sent St. Augustine to convert the iaxons his intention wa.s to create two archbishoprics -Canterbury and York — each with twelve suffragans, lUt this plan was never carried into effect, and though !t. Paulinus, who was consecrated as bishop of fork in 62.5, received the paUium in 631, he never lad any suffragans, nor did his successors receive he pallium until 732, when it was granted to Egbert. Ifter the flight of Paulinus in 633 the country relapsed nto Paganism, and though its conversion was once Qore effected by the Celtic bishops of Lindi.sfarne, here was no bishop of York till the consecration of
St. Wilfrid in 664. His immediate successors seem
to have acted simply as diocesan prelates till the
time of Egbert, the brother of King Edbert of North-
umbria, who received the pallium from Gregory III
in 735 and estabhshed metropohtan rights in the
north.
This metropohtan jurisdiction was at first vague and of varying extent. Till the Danish invasion the archbishops of Canterbury occasionally exercised authority, and it was not till the Norman Conquest that the archbishops of York asserted their complete independence. At that time they had jurisdiction over Worcester, Lindsey, and Lincoln, as well as the dioceses in the Northern Isles and Scotland. But the first three sees just mentioned were taken from York in 1072. In 1154 the sees of Man and Orkney were transferred to the Norwegian Archbishop of Drontheim, and in 1188 all the Scottish dioceses
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Ruins of St. Maby'b Abbey, Yobk
except Whithern were released from subjection to York, so that Whithern, Durham, and Carlisle alone remained to the archbishops as suffragan sees. Of these, Durham was practically independent, for the bishops of that see were little short of sovereigns in their own jurisdiction. During the fourteenth cen- tury Whithern was reunited to the Scottish Church, but the province of York received some compensa- tion in the restoration of Sodor and Man. At the time of the Reformation York thus possessed three suffragan sees, Durham, Carhsle, and Sodor and Man, to which during the brief space of Mary's reign (1553-58) may be added the Diocese of Chester, schismatically founded by Henry VIII, but subse- quently recognized by the pope.
The mutual relations between Canterbury and York were frequently embittered by a long struggle for precedence. In 1071 the question was argued at Rome between Archbishops Lanfranc and Thomas in the presence of Pope Alexander II, who decided in favour of Canterburj-. At a sub-sequent synod it was decided that the future archbi.shops of York must be con,secrated in Canterbury cathedral and swear allegiance to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and that the Humber was to be the southern hmit of the metropolitan jurisdiction of York. This ar- rangement lasted till 1118, when Thurstan, arch- bishop-elect, refu.sed to make submission, and in consequence the Archbishop of Canterbury declined to consecrate him. Thurstan thereupon success- fully appealed to Calixtus II, who not only himself con.secrated him, but also gave him a Bull relea.sing him and his successors from the supremacy of Canter- bury. From time to time during the reign of Henry II and succeeding kings the quarrel broke out again, leading often to .scandalous scenes of (lis.sension, until Innocent VI (13.52-62) settled it by confirming an arrangement that the Archbishop of Canterbury
