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AN AM 160 ANARCHISM centage of the constituents contained in the substance can be determined. 4. Volumetrical analysis, or quanti- tative analysis by measure, determines the amount of the constituents contained in a given solution by: (a) Neutraliza- tion of a measured quantity of the liquid by a certain volume of a standard solution of acid or alkali, (b) By the quantity of a standard solution of an oxidizing or reducing agent required to oxidize or reduce a measured quantity of the liquid to be tested, (c) By observing when no further precipitation takes place on adding the standard solution of the reagent to a known volume of the liquid to be tested. 5. By proximate analysis we deter- mine the amount of sugar, fat, resin, alkaloid, etc., contained in an organic compound, each of these being removed and separated by different solvents, etc. 6. By ultimate analysis of an organic substance we determine the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus contained in it. Thus the amount of carbon and hydro- gen is determined by burning a weighed quantity of the substance in a combus- tion tube along with oxide of copper, and collecting the water produced in a weighed U tube filled with chloride of calcium, and the carbonic acid gas in weighed bulbs filled with caustic potash. In other sciences, etc., the separation of anything which becomes the object of scientific inquiry into its constituent ele- ments; also the result thus obtained. ANAM, or ANNAM, a French pro- tectorate comprising the central part of French Indo-China. Its area is 52,100 square miles. Topography. — Anam is mountainous on the N. but in the E. is nearly level, terminating toward the sea in an allu- vial plain yielding good crops of rice, cotton, fruits, ginger, and spices, and a great variety of varnish trees, palms, etc. The principal river is the Mekong, which has numerous tributaries, many of them being joined together by canals, both for irrigation and commerce. Agri- culture is the chief occupation, but many of the inhabitants are engaged in the spinning and weaving of cotton and silk into coarse fabrics, the preparation of varnish, iron smelting, and the construc- tion of ships or junks. The chief prod- ucts of the country are cotton, rice maize, and other cereals. Tobacco, sugar, manioc, and bamboo are also extensively produced. The production of raw silk forms an important industry, and about 800,000 kilograms are produced annually. Copper, iron, zinc, and gol4 exist in va- rious parts of the country. The imports in 1918 amounted to 5,067,518 francs, and the exports to 8,705,679 francs. The lead- ing exports are cotton yarn, cotton, tea, petroleum, paper goods, and tobacco. The chief imports are sugar, rice, cinnamon, tea, and paper. Pop. about 5,200,000. People. — The inhabitants are said to be the ugliest of the Mongoloid races of the peninsula, being under the middle size and less robust than the surrounding peoples. Their language is monosyllabic, and is connected with the Chinese. The religion of the majority is Buddhism, but the educated classes hold the doc- trines of Confucius; besides which there are 420,000 Roman Catholics. The capi- tal is Hue. History. — Anam was conquered by the Chinese in 214 B. C, but in 1428 A. D. it completely won its independence. The French began to interfere actively in its affairs in 1847 on the plea of protecting the native Christians. By the treaties of 1862 and 1867 they obtained the south- ern and most productive part of Cochin- China, subsequently known as French Cochin-China; and in 1874 they obtained large powers over Tonquin, notwith- standing the protests of the Chinese. Finally, in 1883, Tonquin was ceded to France, and next year Anam was de- clared a French protectorate. After a short period of hostilities with China the latter recognized the French claims, and Tonquin is now directly administered by France, while Anam is entirely under French direction. ANAPA, an important seaport and fortified town in Russian Circassia, on the Black Sea, a station of the Russian navy. ANARCHISM, a tendency founded upon anarchy in human society. By anarchy is not to be understood the word in its exaggerated sense of chaos and dis- order, but literally a state of society in which authority does not exist; that is, a society with the greatest imaginable independence of the individual, without law and without any relations whatever of superior and inferior. There were tendencies to anarchy in the thought of antiquity and of the Middle Ages as well as in modern times. Anarchistic tenden- cies first became notably influential as a phase of thought toward the middle of the 19th century, when they were de- veloped under an increasing sense of the misery of the oppressed masses of hu- manity. The founder of modern anarch- ism was Peter Joseph Proudhon (1809- (1865) who wrote "Vv^hat is Property?" He held that under the compulsion of the laws of property there existed be-