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ANABCHISM 161 ANABCHISM tween employers and workingmen a con- dition of exchange in commodities most unfavorable to the latter, in consequence of which the capitalist, without working himself, appropriated to himself, most un- justly, a portion of the earnings of the worker. Hence Proudhon's famous con- clusion: "Property is robbery." As a remedy for these unjust conditions, Proudhon held that there should be a free activity of industrial forces under which there would be a just exchange of commodities corresponding to the actual relations of value. In order to achieve such conditions Proudhon rejected law and authority of every kind and demanded a social condition in which there should be absolutely no authority. As a char- acterization of this condition he was the first to employ the word "anarchy." In his essay, "A General Idea of the Revo- lution" (1851), he set forth his theory. It found much approval in Germany at first. The doctrine was elaborated by Max Stirner in a book called "The Individual and His Property," published in 1845. Stirner acknowledges nothing but the will of the individual. He re- jects every combination among men to- ward a higher unity, every compulsion of civilized principles — all of these sig- nifying for him nothing but the enthral- ment of the individual will. Stirner ad- vocated the path of revolution. The triumph of the reaction in 1848 crowded anarchistic teachings into the background. In 1852 Proudhon himself in his essay on "The Federative Principle," declared anarchy to be impracticable, and held the correct form of government to be a fed- eration of autonomist communities. The labor agitations that began in the '60's were accompanied by a development of the anarchistic party, chiefly under the influence of Russian agitators. The founder of this party was Michael Bakunin (1814-1876). Since 1864 Baku- nin was active in Switzerland as an an- archistic agitator. Unlike Proudhon, he advocated revolution as the means to the end, but he drew the line at murder. Bakunin sent his disciple, Sergei Net- shaye, to Russia and there, in 1869, the latter develojped the so-called "propa- ganda of action"; that is, an agitation by means of deeds of violence, murder and disorder, not for the purpose of overcoming the existing order of society, but simply to arouse sentiment by the effect of horrible deeds. One of the most eminent representa- tives of anarchistic doctrines is the Rus- sian Prince Krapotkin (born in 1842). Krapotkin advocates a system of com- munistic anarchy based upon the idea of free production and consumption, with a free development of industrial powers in groups and societies. Ac- cording to his theory, everybody should share as he pleased in production and also in the enjoyment of the fruits of collective effort. This is the programme of the greater number of the anarchists of to-day, especially of those who are called the Latin anarchists, being those believers in the doctrine who live in western Switzerland, the S. of France, in Italy and in Spain. With the grow- ing development of the Social Demo- cratic organization, anarchy fell more and more into disfavor. These two tendencies, anarchy and socialism, have a common source in a sense of the misery of the oppressed masses, but their end3 are directly opposed, the aim of anarchy being to achieve the extreme of indi- vidualism, while that of socialism aims to realize the extreme of collectivism. At the Congress of International So- cieties of Workingmen, held at The Hague, in 1872, at the instance of Carl Marx, the International Alliance of the Social Democracy, which followed the doctrines of Bakunin, was excluded, and ever since the hostility between the ten- dencies has been increasing. The German law against socialism, passed in 1878, caused, for the time, a tendency toward anarchism in consequence of the for- mation of revolutionary groups under the leadership of Most (1846), a former member of the German Reichstag. In consequence of this Most was expelled from the Social Democratic Party and went to London, but, in 1882, he came to New York and advocated the "propa- ganda of action." Most sought to im- prove upon the teaching of Proudhon by advocating the regulation of production and price through common action among groups of workers. In Germany, unlike the Latin countries, the anarchistic agitation has never had much significance. The "propaganda of action," however, has resulted in various deeds of violence — for instance, the at- tempted assassination of Emperor Wil- helni I., by Hoedel (1878), and the at- tempt of Reinsdorf against the German princes at the dedication of the Nieder- wald monument, in 1883. The latter caused the enactment of the law against the criminal use of explosives on June 9, 1884. In consequence of the assassi- nation of the French President Carnot by an Italian anarchist, in December, 1894, there was an attempt made to in- crease the severity of the German laws, but the proposition was rejected by the Reichstag. The assassination of the Empress Elizabeth of Austria, by an Italian anarchist, in 1898, and also that