ing on theology, he attracted students from all parts of Europe. Several of his disciples afterward became famous; for example, Pope Celestin II., Peter Lombard, Berengarius, and Arnold of Brescia. The story of his romantic and tragic love for Héloïse is told in his "Story of My Misfortunes," in her first "Letter" to him on receipt of the "Story," and in the two "Letters" from her that followed. The poets have taken the loves of this unfortunate pair as the theme of their elegies in every age since the death of the lovers. He died April 21, 1142.
ABENCERRAGES (ä-b-ân-sā-räzh′), the name given by Spanish chroniclers to a noble family in the Moorish kingdom of Granada, several of whom distinguished themselves immediately before the fall of the Mahommedan empire in Spain. Their struggles with the family of the Zegris, and tragical destruction in the royal palace of the Alhambra, in Granada (1466-1484), seem to be destitute of historical foundation. On these events, Chateaubriand has written a charming work of fiction, "Les aventures du dernier Abencerrage."
ABERCROMBIE, JOHN, in his day the most eminent of Scottish physicians, was born in 1780, at Aberdeen, where his father was a parish minister. He studied medicine in Edinburgh, taking his degree in 1803. His principal professional writings were treatises on the pathology of the brain and on diseases of the stomach. But he is best known by his works on "The Intellectual Powers" (1830), and "The Moral Feelings" (1833). These works immediately acquired a remarkable popularity. Dr. Abercrombie died suddenly, Nov. 14, 1844.
ABERCROMBIE, SIR RALPH, a British general, born in 1738. He was commander-in-chief in the West Indies, in 1795; in the attempt against Holland, in 1799, and in the expedition to Egypt. Mortally wounded in the beginning of the battle of Alexandria (March 21, 1801), the general kept the field during the day, and died some days after his victory.
ABERDEEN, the chief city and seaport in the N. of Scotland, lies in the S. E. angle of the county at the mouth and on the N. side of the river Dee, 111 miles N. of Edinburgh. William the Lion confirmed its privileges in 1179; the English burned it in 1336, but it was soon rebuilt, and called New Aberdeen. Old Aberdeen, within the same parliamentary boundary, is a small town a mile to the N., near the mouth of the Don, and is the seat of St. Machar's Cathedral (1357-1527), now represented by the granite nave, which, as restored since 1869, is used as a parish church. Among the chief public edifices are the county buildings, the postoffice, the Market Hall, the Trades Hall, the Royal Infirmary, the lunatic asylum, the grammar school, the art gallery and art school, and Gordon's College. The chief exports are woolens, linens, cotton-yarns, paper, combs, granite (hewn and polished), cattle, grain, preserved provisions, and fish. Aberdeen has the largest comb and granite-polishing works in the kingdom. There are also several large paper works. Aberdeen is at the junction of three railway lines and has steamer connections with Leith, Newcastle, Hull, and London. The trade of the port, which has an excellent harbor, has steadily increased. In 1911 the net tonnage of vessels arriving was 1,041,424, and departing, 1,020,498. In the same year the imports were valued at over £1,163,000, and exports at over £1,496,000. Municipal ownership has been extended to its water and gas works, its electric light plant and tramways, public baths, markets, and cemeteries. Its ratable property value in 1920 was more than £1,000,000. Aberdeen is represented in Parliament by two members. The population of the parliamentary burgh is estimated (1918) at 166,000.
ABERDEEN, a city in South Dakota, the county-seat of Brown co. It is on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Minneapolis and St. Louis, and the Great Northern railroads, and contains many handsome public buildings, including a library, municipal building, court house, Federal building, etc. There are parks, and a fine school system, including a State Normal and an Industrial School. The city is important as a manufacturing center, especially for flour, brick, chemicals, clothing, and machinery. The town was settled in 1880. Pop. (1910) 10,753; (1920,) 14,537.
ABERDEEN, a city of Washington, in Chehalis co. It is on the Chehalis river and on the Northern Pacific, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Oregon and Washington Railway and Navigation Co., and is connected by steamship with ports in California. The city is the center of an important lumber and agricultural region. The chief industries are logging, shingle mills, ship yards, and packing houses. Pop. (1910) 13,660; (1920) 15,337.
ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, EARL OF, born in 1784. He took office as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1828, in the ministry
