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BERKELEY SOUND 495 BERLIN industries. Pop. (1910) 40,434; (1920) 56,036. BERKELEY SOUND, next to Stanley Sound the most frequented inlet of the East Falkland Island, near its N. E. ex- tremity. Though it is difficult to enter, it contains several excellent harbors. BERKELEY, GEORGE, Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland, born in Ireland in 1685; became fellow of Trinity College, Dub- lin, in 1707; went to England in 1713; traveled on the Continent in 1714, and again in 1716-1720. In 1721 he was ap- pointed Chaplain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Grafton. In 1724 he became Dean of Derry. He now pub- lished his "Proposals for the Conver- sion of the American Savages to Chris- tianity by the Establishment of a College in the Bermuda Islands"; and subscrip- tions having been raised he set sail for Rhode Island in 1728. The scheme never got a start, however, and he returned, receiving the bishopric of Cloyne. He died suddenly at Ojcford in 1753. Berke- ley holds an important place in the his- tory of philosophy. His most celebrated philosophical works are "Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision" (1709) ; "A Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge" (1710), in which his philo- sophical theory is fully set forth ; "Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous" (1713) ; "Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher" (1732); and "Siris, Philo- sophical Reflections and Inquiries Con- cerning the Virtues of Tar-Water" (1744). BERKSHIRE, county in England in the midland group. It has an area of 722 square miles, of which about three- fourths is under cultivation. The chief occupation of the people is stock raising and agriculture. The chief towns are Windsor, Reading, Maidenhead, and Newbury. Pop. about 180,000. BERKSHIRES, THE, or BERKSHIRE HILLS, a range of mountains in the N. W. of Massachusetts; in Berkshire county; stretching 16 miles N. and S., on the E. of the valley of the Upper Hoosic river. They are a favorite sum- mer and autumn resort. BERLICHINGEN, GCETZ VON, sur- named the "Iron Hand," a brave and turbulent German noble, born at Jaxt- hausen, Wiirttemberg, in 1480. He was almost constantly at war, was put under the ban of the empire by Maximilian, and was killed during the siege of a fortress in which he had taken refuge, in 1562. His story was dramatized by Gothe. BERLIN, the third largest city of Europe: capital of the former King- dom of Prussia, and of the former Empire of Germany, now capital of the German republic, on both sides of the Spree river; 156 miles E. S. E. of Ham- burg. Pop. about 2,000,000. It is built on a flat, sandy plain. Berlin occupies an area of over 25,000 acres, and now in- cludes a number of former suburban towns and villages. The houses in th^ main are built of brick and plastered or stuccoed on the outside. The center of the city is now almost exclusively de- voted to commerce, and the remarkable advance in the trade and political inter- ests of the city since 1871 have attracted to it an enormous population. The prin- cipal streets are the famous Unter den Linden, with its four rows of lime trees and the stately Brandenburg Gate, the Wilhelmstrasse, the Konigsstrasse, and the Leipzigerstrasse. Scattered about the city are a number of notable statues, including the remarkably imposing one of Frederick the Great, at the head of the Unter den Linden, and those of Schwerin, Winterfeld, Seidlitz, Keith, Zieten, Von Billow, Leopold of Dessau, and the Great Elector. The Branden- burg Gate, which was begun in 1789, presents on each face six lofty Doric columns, and a Roman entablature, sur- mounted by an attic upon which is a bronze quadriga of "Victory." In the Belle Alliance Platz is a "Column of Peace," erected in 1840, to commemorate the peace of 1815. The triumphs of the German arms are further typified in the great "Monument of Victory," dedi- cated in 1875. Notable Buildings. — In the center of the city is the old Royal Palace, contain- ing nearly 700 apartments, including the richly adorned state rooms, the finest of which are the Weisser Saal, and the palace chapel. Near by are the palaces of the former Emperor and Crown Prince, the Royal Library, the old and new museums, the National Art Gallery, the arsenal, the Royal Theater, the opera house, the guard house, and the Univer- sity of Berlin. These are all situated between the Spree and the E. end of Unter den Linden. Near the Konitrsplatz in the Thiergarten is the Reichstag, opened during the reign of Wilholm II. On the Wilhelmstrasse is the former pal- ace of the Imperial Chancellor, where the Congress of Berlin sat in 1878. The Old Museum contains antiquarian speci- mens, a remarkable collection of coins, a gallery of ancient sculpture, and a celebrated picture gall-ry; and the new museum has an invaluable collection ot Egyptian antiquities brought together