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BERLIN 496 BERLINER by Lepsius; six magnificent mural paint- ings by Kaulbach on the grand stair- case; a collection of over 500,000 engrav- ings; and twelve rooms filled with valu- able casts. The Brandenburg Gate is a copy of the Prophylaea at Athens, is 65 feet high and 205 feet wide, and marks the line of the old wall of the city. Prior to the World War the city had a large traffic by the Spree, the canals, and the railways, the traffic by water being 50 per cent, greater than that of any other city or town in Germany. The Reichsbank is the chief bank in Ger- many for the issue of notes. The prin- cipal branches of industry were wool weaving, calico printing, the manufac- ture of engines and other machinery, iron, steel, and bronze ware, drapery goods, clothing, scientific instruments, chronometers, pianos, German silver ware, toys, chemicals, furniture, car- pets, porcelain, linen goods, artificial flowers, and beer. History. — As far back as the 13th cen- tury, the central part of the present city was inhabited. Kolln, on the island formed by the Spree on its left bank, was united to Old Berlin on the right bank in 1307. These names are still retained by the corresponding quarters of the modern city. Berlin was long little more than a fishing village; but when the Great Elector, Frederick Wil- liam (1640-1688), had united the sepa- rate duchies of which Prussia is now formed, it became the capital. In the next century it received accessions of French and Bohemian colonists, driven into exile by religious persecution. Every inducement was then held out to bring foreigners to settle in the rising city. Under Frederick the Great it continued to prosper, and at his death had 145,000 inhabitants. The city was taken by the allies in 1760, and by Napoleon in 1806. After the peace of 1815 it became a focus of the arts and sciences, and a great center of commercial enterprise. The last quarter of the 19th century was a period of tremendous growth in wealth and population. The city suffered se- verely during the disturbances which followed the ending of the World War and the establishment of the German re- public. See Germany. BERLIN, a city of New Hampshire in Coos CO. It is on the Grand Trunk and the Boston and Maine railroads. The city has excellent water power which is employed in the manufacture of paper, pulp, and lumber. There is a public li- brary, theaters, hospital, excellent schools and a fine municipal building. Pop. (1910) 11,780; (1920) 16,104. BERLIN, TREATY OF, a treaty signed July 13, 1878, at the close of the Berlin Congress, which was constituted by the representatives of the six Great Powers and Turkey. The treaty of San Stefano, previously concluded between Turkey and Russia, was modified by the Berlin Treaty, which resulted in the di- vision of Bulgaria into two parts, Bul- garia proper and Eastern Rumelia, the cession of parts of Armenia to Russia and Persia, the independence of Ru- mania, Serbia, and Montenegro, the transference of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austrian administration, and the re- trocession of Bessarabia to Russia. Greece was also to have an accession of territory. The British representatives were Lords Beaconsfield, Salisbury, and Odo Russell. By a separate arrange- ment previously made between Great Britain and Turkey, the former got Cy- prus to administer. BERLIN, UNIVERSITY OF, a cele- brated institution of learning in Berlin, Germany. It is, with the exception of Bonn, the youngest of the German uni- versities. It was founded in 1810, when the Napoleonic victories had left Prussia apparently crushed and had even trans- ferred her great University of Halle to the newly formed kingdom of Westpha- lia. The first rector of the university was Schmalz; the first deans of its faculties were Schleiermacher, Biener, Hufeland, and Fichte; and before it was 10 years old it had for professors such men as Niebuhr, Wolff, and Hegel. In more recent years, Ranke, Mommsen, Helmholtz, Virchow, and other famous scholars have added fame to the University. There are four faculties, theology, medicine, juris- prudence, and philosophy, with a total of 502 professors and teachers in 1914-1915. At the satisfactory completion of the course, the doctor's degree is conferred. The number of students in 1914-1915 was 8,035, besides a large number of non- matriculated ones. BERLINER, EMILE, an American in- ventor and telephone expert; born in Hanover, Germany, May 20, 1851. He studied at Wolfenbiittel and came tc America in 1870. In 1878 he was made chief inspector of instruments for the Bell Telephone Co. He showed remark- able ingenuity and invented the micro- phone and the gramophone, and secured many patents on improvements to the telephone. In 1908 he turned his atten- tion to aeroplanes and invented the light- weight revolving cylinder internal com- bustion motor which was extensively used. He wrote a number of articles on religious and philosophical questions.