Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 06.djvu/279

MILK FEVEB 233 MILLENNIUM chief adulterant added to milk is water; but sugar, carbonate of soda, salt, salicylic acid, and borax are also occa- sionally used. Condensed milk consists of cow's or goat's milk which has been evaporated by the aid of steam pipes or a vacuum pan. In human physiology, milk is the se- cretion of the mammary glands, whose activity begins at delivery, and continues for a period of nine months as a rule, but, if encouraged, may persist for a longer time. The fluid secreted contains all that is requisite for the nourishment and development of the child. The first milk secreted is colostrum; it acts as a natural purgative to the child. Municipal and State governments in the U. S. A. for many years have worked for a supply of pure, cheap milk. After the World War the authorities of New York State and City were especially active in regulating the milk industry, and keeping down the price. _ MILK FEVER, a fever which some- times arises in females when first milk 3S secreted after child-birth. MILK SNAKE, a harmless snake of a grayish ash color, with three rows of dark spots along the back and sides. It is found in the Northern and Middle United States. MILKY WAY. See Galaxy. MILL, a money of account in the "United States, being the thousandth part of a dollar, or tenth part of a cent. The mill, however, is not coined. MILL, a machine for grinding grain, fruit, or other substances, and reducing them to a fine powder. Also a lapidary's grinding wheel, loiown as roughing mill, cloth mill, etc. Also a machine, or com- plication of engines or machinery, for working up raw material. In die-sinking, the hardened steel roller having the de- sign in cameo, and used for impressing in intaglio a plate, as in the bank-note system of engraving; or a copper cylin- der, as in the process of engraving cylin- ders for calico printing. MILL, JAMES, an English political economist; born in Forfarshire, Scot- land, April 6, 1773, In 1818 he published his admirable "History of British India." He also produced several valuable works on legislation and morals, viz., his "Ele- ments of Political Economy"; an "Analy- sis of the Human Mind"; and "Prison and Prison Discipline"; "Colonies"; "Laws of Nations"; and "Education." He held the office of chief examiner of accounts to the East India Company. He died in Kensington. June 23, 1836. MILL, JOEN STUART, an English philosopher; son of James Mill; born in London, England, May 20, 1806. He was trained under the immediate influence of his father. At the age of 14 he en- tered on a course of political economy, and thereafter this strenuous education of the boy ceased — so far, at least, as the strict surveillance of his father was concerned. In his 21st year he edited Bentham's work "On Evidence." In 1843 appeared the first of his two chief works, "A System of Logic," the second being "Principles of Political Economy" (1848). To these he afterward added his work "On Liberty" (1859) ; "Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform" (1861); "Util- itarianism" (1862); the "Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy," and a "Study of Auguste Comte and Positiv- ism" (1865). In this last year he was returned to Parliament as member for Westminster. His Autobiography was published in 1873, and the three essays, "Nature," "The Utility of Religion," and "Theism," in 1874. Mill's works on logic and political economy are standard text- books. In the former he placed the sys- tem of inductive logic on a firm basis. He died in Avignon, France, May 8, 1873. MILLAIS, SIR JOHN EVERETT (mil-la'), an English painter; born in Southampton, England, June 8, 1829. He gained his first medal for drawing when nine years old; became a student at the Royal Academy; exhibited his first picture "Pizarro seizing the Inca of Peru" (1846); and received the gold medal for a historical painting, "The Tribe of Benjamin seizing the Daughters of Shiloh" (1848). In his earlier days he was a leader of the pre-Raphaelite School, but on attaining maturity in art he abandoned the peculiarities for which that school is noted. As the result of this new departure Millais painted such pictures as "Ferdinand Lured by Ariel," "Mariana in the Moated Grange," "The Huguenot Lovers," "The Black Bruns- wicker," and "Ophelia," while its influ- ence was also apparent in his landscapes of "Chill October," "The Fringe of the Moor," etc. He was chosen president of the Royal Academy in 1896. He died in London, Aug. 13, 1896. MILLENNIUM, in Scripture, a periot of 1,000 years, during which Satan shall be confined to the bottomless pit. During the first three centuries, when Christians were at intervals in danger of martydom, and many actually suffered death, the millennium loomed largely be- fore their minds; the second advent of Christ, interpreted literally, was consid- ered to be pre-millennial, and the mil-