Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 06.djvu/582

NOBDENSKJOLD 478 NORFOLK himself to Sweden, and was appointed head of the niineralogical department of the Royal Museum at Stockholm. Dur- ing the next 20 years he frequently visited Spitzbergen; in 1864 he com- pleted the measurement of an arc of the meridian there, and mapped the S. of the island. After two preliminary trips to the mouth of the Yenisei, by which he proved the navigability of the Kara Sea, he successfully accomplished (June, 1878-September, 1879), in the celebrated "Vega," the navigation of the Northeast Passage, from the Atlantic to the Pacific along the N. coast of Asia. On his re- turn he was made a baron of Sweden (1880), and during the next five years published the results of the journey in "Voyage of the Vega Round Asia and Europe" (1881), "Scientific Results of the Vega Expedition" (1883), and "Studies and Investigations" (1885). To Green- land, too, he made two expeditions; mem- bers of his party on the second occasion (1883) reached a point 140 miles distant from the E. coast, but without finding the ice-free interior Baron Norden- skjold believed to exist. Three years later he published a book on the icy interior of Greenland. He died in Stock- holm, Sweden, Aug. 12, 1901. NORDENSKJOLD, NILS OTTO, Swed- ish explorer; born in Smaland, 1869; graduated Upsala University, 1894; joined exploring party to Patagonia and another to Alaska; explored coast of Greenland with Danish party under Amdrup, in 1900; headed a party into Antarctic regions in 1901, in which ex- pedition he was unfortunate enough to be shipwrecked, he and his party being }-escued by Argentine gunboat. Explored Greenland in 1909. Is Professor of Ge- ography at Gothenburg University and has written a number of books on his explorations. NORDHAUSEN, a town of Prussian Saxony; at the S. base of the Harz Moun- tains, and the W. end of the fertile Goldene Aue ("golden plain"), on the Zorge river. There are extensive dis- tilleries of corn brandy and manufactures of tobacco, sugar, leather, chemicals, etc. Dating from 874, and in 1253 created a free imperial city, Nordhausen embraced the Reformation in 1522, and in 1803 fell to Prussia. Pop. about 35,000. NORDICA, LILLIAN, an American opera singer; born in Fannington, Me., m 1859; family name, Norton. She studied at the Boston Conservatory of IMusic and afterward in Paris and in Italy. In 1882 she married Mr. Gower, who died a short time afterward. She sang with great success in England, Germany, and on the Continent, and was a favorite in her native country. Being very desirious to sing in Wagner's operas in Bayreuth, she went there and appealed to Mme. Wagner for permission to do so. This granted, she studied German and the role of Elsa in "Lohengrin," in which she made a triumphant appear- ance. Marguerite in "Faust" was another famous part. In 1896 she married Zoltain F. D5me, who had appeared for the first time in opera at the Bayreuth Festival, in 1894 as Parsifal. Was a member of Hammerstein's Manhattan Opera Co. (1901). Married George Young, Ameri- can banker (1909). Died 1913 on the island of Java as the result of exposure from the wreck of the steamer "Tasman." NORDLINGEN, a town of Bavaria; on the Eger river; 44 miles N. W. of Augsburg; it has a Gothic church (re- stored 1880), with a high tower and fine organ, and manufactures carpets. Here took place, Sept. 16, 1634, the great battle in which the Swedes were defeated by the Imperialists with a loss of 12,000 killed and wounded. NORBSTRAND, an island of Prussia, on the W. coast of Schleswig; area, 21 square miles. The greater part of it was swept away in 1634 by a flood, which drowned 15,000 persons. NORE, a sandbank in the estuary of the Thames; 47 miles from London. Off its E. end is a floating light which re- volves 50 feet above high water. The name is commonly applied to the portion of the estuary in the vicinity of the Nore light and sandbank. It was here that the outbreak of the fleet, the "mutiny at the Nore," broke out on May 20 till June 13, 1797. The ringleader, Richard Parker, styled president of the "Float- ing Republic," was hanged June 30 from the yardarm of his ship. NORFOLK, a city of Nebraska, in Madison co., 75 miles S. W. of Sioux City. It is on the Elkhorn river and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Union Pacific railroads. It is the center of an important farming and stock-raising region and is also important commercially. It has manufactories of flour, cereal, concrete, packing houses, threshing machine works, etc. It is the division headquarters of the North- western railroad. It contains a State hospital for the insane. Federal court house, public library, a park, etc. Pop. (1910) 6,025; (1920) 8,634. NORFOLK, a city and port of entry in Norfolk co., Va., on the Elizabeth