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NORFOLK 479 NORRBOTTEN river, and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Chesapeake and Ohio, Southern, Norfolk and Western, and Virginia railroads; 18 miles from Fort Virginia. Here are a United States Naval Hospital, United States custom house, Norfolk Academy, Old St. Paul's Church, Confederate Monument, libraries, hospitals, parks, clubs, and churches. The city has electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, a good sewerage system, waterworks, several National banks, and a number of daily and weekly newspapers. During the World War the navy yards at Norfolk and Portsmouth were enor- mously developed. The Government spent over $500,000,000 in the naval district of which Norfolk was the headquarters. The navy yard has an area of 400 acres. It was also an army supply base during the war. A large export trade is carried on in canned goods, early fruits and vegetables, cotton, coal, oysters, and pea- nuts ; for the latter Norfolk is the largest market in the world. The commerce of the port in 1919 was valued at $3,039,- 023,886 and the local industries include lumber, knit goods, iron, wire fence, guano, and fertilizing establishments, etc. Pop. (1910) 67,452; (1920) 115,777. NORFOLK. A county of England, bounded on the N. and E. by the North Sea, on the W. by Cambridgeshire, and on the S. by Suffolk County. Its total area is 2,053 square miles. It is chiefly an agricultural and stock-raising country, but there are important manufactories of textiles. The chief rivers are the Ouse, Yare, and Bure. Pop. about 550,000. NORFOLK ISLAND, an island in the W. Pacific; about half-way between New Zealand and New Caledonia; 400 miles N. N. W. of the former. The coasts are high (mean altitude, 400 feet) and steep, and the surface generally uneven, rising in Mount Pitt to 1,050 feet. The island has an area of 10 1/^ square miles. The soil is fertile and well watered, and the climate healthful. Norfolk Island was dis- covered by Cook in 1774. Between 1788 and 1805, and again between 1826 and 1855, it was a penal settlement for con- victs sent from New South Wales. In 1856 many of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island {q. v.) were transferred thither by the British government. The popu- lation includes a number of Melanesian boys and girls being educated at Bishop Patterson's mission station of St. Barna- bas, Norfolk Island being the headquar- ters of the diocese Melanesia, which was founded in 1861. The people govern hemselves, under the superintendence of the government of New South Wales; they fish, farm, and supply provisions to passing vessels. Pop. about 1,000. NORHAM CASTLE, the border for- tress of the bishops of Durham; on the Tweed river; 8 miles S. W. of Berwick. Founded in 1121, and deemed impreg- nable in 1522, it has memories of Kings John, Edward I., and James IV., but is known best through "Marmion." The picturesque ruins comprise a great square keep, 70 feet high. NORMAL SCHOOL, a school for the education of teachers. NORMAN, SIR HENRY, English writer, born in Leicester, then came to this country and studied at Harvard Uni- versity, finishing his education at Leipsic, Germany. Returning to America, he be- gan an agitation for the conservation of Niagara Falls, with the result that land was acquired on both sides, by New York State and Canada respectively. Joined the staff of the "Pall Mall Gazette," then of the "London Chronicle." Was member of Parliament from 1900 to 1910. Re- tired from journalism in 1910, and be- gan traveling through the Far and Near East, corresponding for British publi- cations. NORMANDY, an ancient province of France, bordering on the English Chan- nel, now divided into the departments of Seine-Inferieure, Eure, Ome, Calvados, and Manche; anciently comprised a portion of the kingdom of Neustria, and was ceded to Rollo, Rolf, or Raoul, by Charles III., in 911. William I., Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066, and established a Norman dynasty, thereby uniting Normandy with the latter coun- try. Philip Augustus conquered it in 1204, the French holding it till 1417, when it was recovered by the English, who held it till 1450, when it was finally wrested from them by Charles VII. NORMANS (literally "north-men"), the descendants of the Northmen who established themselves in northern France, hence called Normandy. Besides the important place occupied in history by the Normans in Normandy and Eng- land, bands of Normans established themselves in S. Italy and Sicily, and Norman princes ruled there from the middle of the 11th till the end of the 12th century. NORRBOTTEN, largest province in Sweden, bordering on Russia and Gulf of Bothnia. Includes part of Lapland, and has many lakes and rivers, with dense forests. Little agricultural prod- uce, but considerable minerals. Area 40,870 square miles. Pop. about 150,000.